Glomerular disease, including immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) and Henoch–Schönlein purpura nephritis, is one of the most common kidney diseases in children. The diagnosis of these diseases depends on pathological biopsy, although this procedure is seriously limited by its invasive and high-risk nature. To investigate the potential of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS...
Breaststroker’s knee is an overuse syndrome resulting from similar repetitive movements in competitive swimmers that has been described in the orthopedic literature. The typical symptoms are medial knee pain with tenderness to palpation at the tibial collateral ligament or inferomedial patella. Despite these localizing symptoms on clinical exam, arthroscopic studies have failed...
Anorectal and cloacal malformations are a broad mix of congenital abnormalities related to the distal rectum and anus. Confusion exists between all the forms in this large and heterogeneous group. The spectrum includes everything from anal stenosis, ventral anus, anal atresia (with and without fistula) and the full spectrum of cloacal malformations. Imaging in these conditions is...
The increasing recognition of the need for a diverse workforce as a tool for excellence in medicine has fortified the efforts toward recruitment, retention and development of faculty from racial and ethnic minorities. Despite these efforts, individuals of Black, Hispanic, American Indian and Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander backgrounds remain vastly...
The two primary manifestations of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in children are acute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia and multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C). While most pediatric cases of acute COVID-19 disease are mild or asymptomatic, some children are at risk for developing severe pneumonia. In MIS-C, children present a few...
The term bronchiectasis refers to permanent enlargement of the bronchi. It is increasingly diagnosed because of high-resolution computed investigations. It can be congenital or acquired, the latter mostly following infection. Williams–Campbell syndrome is a rare form of congenital non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. Here we report a 5-month-old girl with reversible bronchiectasis...
The prevalence of inflicted femur fractures in young children varies (1.5–35.2%), but these data are based on small retrospective studies with high heterogeneity. Age and mobility of the child seem to be indicators of inflicted trauma. This study describes other factors associated with inflicted and neglectful trauma that can be used to distinguish inflicted and neglectful from...
Applications for bowel US in children have been well described; however, less focus has been placed on patterns of bowel wall architectural change in specific disease states. This pictorial essay reviews normal bowel wall architecture and covers a variety of inflammatory, infectious, vascular and neoplastic disorders outside the neonatal period as seen on US, with illustrative...
Chest radiography after peripherally inserted central catheter insertion in infants is the reference standard method for verifying catheter tip position. The utilisation of ultrasound (US) for catheter placement confirmation in the neonatal and paediatric population has been the focus of many recent studies. In this systematic review we investigated the diagnostic accuracy of US...
Most artificial intelligence (AI) studies have focused primarily on adult imaging, with less attention to the unique aspects of pediatric imaging. The objectives of this study were to (1) identify all publicly available pediatric datasets and determine their potential utility and limitations for pediatric AI studies and (2) systematically review the literature to assess the...
Little is known about changes in the pancreas as the course of type 1 diabetes progresses. Recently, shear wave elastography (SWE) emerged as a tool for assessing pancreatic stiffness in chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer with a few studies assessing it in diabetes. To compare pancreatic SWE in children with recent-onset and long-standing type 1 diabetes to healthy...
Various imaging modalities, such as multi-detector computed tomography (CT) and cone beam CT are commonly used in infants for the diagnosis of hearing loss and surgical planning of implantation hearing aid devices, with differing results. We compared three different imaging modalities available in our institution, including a high-class CT scanner, a mid-class CT scanner and an...
While chest tube placement with pleural fibrinolytic medication is the established treatment of pediatric empyema, treatment failure is reported in up to 20% of these children. Standardizing fibrinolytic administration among interventional radiology (IR) physicians to improve patient outcomes in pediatric parapneumonic effusion. We introduced a hospital-wide clinical pathway for...
Fetal growth restriction caused by placental insufficiency is associated with increased risk of poor neurodevelopment, even in the absence of specific perinatal brain injury. Placental insufficiency leads to chronic hypoxaemia that may alter cerebral tissue organisation and maturation. The aim of this study was to assess the effects fetal growth restriction and fetal haemodynamic...
Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is increasingly being used in children, however, to date there are no studies addressing the reliability of the findings. To examine intra- and interobserver reliability of a scoring system for assessment of high signal areas within the bone marrow, as visualized on T2-weighted, fat-saturated images. Ninety-six whole-body MRIs (1.5 T...
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disproportionately affected children from underrepresented minorities and marginalized populations, but little is understood regarding the pandemic’s effect on non-COVID-19-related illnesses. To examine the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic and related stay-at-home orders on pediatric emergency department (ED) imaging of non-COVID-19-related...
Achondroplasia is the most common skeletal dysplasia. A significant complication is foramen magnum stenosis. When severe, compression of the spinal cord may result in sleep apnea, sudden respiratory arrest and death. To avoid complications, surgical decompression of the craniocervical junction is offered in at-risk cases. However, practice varies among centres. To standardize...
Many studies on pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (PIMS-TS) have described abdominal findings as part of multisystem involvement, with limited descriptions of abdominal imaging findings specific to PIMS-TS. To perform a detailed evaluation of abdominal imaging findings in children with PIMS-TS...
Radiation exposures from computed tomography (CT) in children are inadequately studied. Diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) can help optimise radiation doses. To determine local DRLs for paediatric chest CT performed mainly on modern dual-source, multi-slice CT scanners as a function of patient size. Five hundred thirty-eight chest CT scans in 345 children under 15 years (y) of...
Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is recommended for the diagnosis of acute osteoarticular infections in children. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) may be an alternative to the injection of gadolinium. To evaluate unenhanced MRI with DWI in comparison to contrast-enhanced MRI for the diagnostic work-up of acute osteoarticular infections in children. This...