Antioxidant, Antityrosinase, Anticholinesterase, and Nitric Oxide Inhibition Activities of Three Malaysian Macaranga Species

The Scientific World Journal, Nov 2013

The methanol extracts of three Macaranga species (M. denticulata, M. pruinosa, and M. gigantea) were screened to evaluate their total phenolic contents and activities as cholinesterase inhibitors, nitric oxide (NO) production inhibitors, tyrosinase inhibitors, and antioxidants. The bark of M. denticulata showed the highest total phenolic content (2682 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g) and free radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 0.063 mg/mL). All of the samples inhibited linoleic acid peroxidation by greater than 80%, with the leaves of M. gigantea exhibiting the highest inhibition of 92.21%. Most of the samples exhibited significant antioxidant potential. The bark of M. denticulata and the leaves of both M. pruinosa and M. gigantea exhibited greater than 50% tyrosinase inhibition, with the bark of M. denticulata having the highest percentage of inhibition (68.7%). The bark and leaves of M. denticulata exhibited greater than 50% inhibition (73.82% and 54.50%, resp.) of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE), while none of the samples showed any significant inhibition of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Only the bark of M. denticulata and M. gigantea displayed greater than 50% inhibition of nitric oxide production in cells (81.79% and 56.51%, resp.). These bioactivities indicate that some Macaranga spp. have therapeutic potential in medicinal research.

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Antioxidant, Antityrosinase, Anticholinesterase, and Nitric Oxide Inhibition Activities of Three Malaysian Macaranga Species

Antioxidant, Antityrosinase, Anticholinesterase, and Nitric Oxide Inhibition Activities of Three Malaysian Macaranga Species Nor Aishah Mazlan,1 Ahmed Mediani,1 Faridah Abas,1,2 Syahida Ahmad,3 Khozirah Shaari,2 Shamsul Khamis,2 and N. H. Lajis4 1Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 2Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 3Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 4Al-Moalim Bin Laden Chair for Scientific Miracles of Prophetic Medicine, Scientific Chairs Unit, Taibah University, P.O. Box 30001, Madinah al Munawarah 41311, Saudi Arabia Received 23 August 2013; Accepted 17 September 2013 Academic Editors: C. Timchalk and S. Wu Copyright © 2013 Nor Aishah Mazlan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract The methanol extracts of three Macaranga species (M. denticulata, M. pruinosa, and M. gigantea) were screened to evaluate their total phenolic contents and activities as cholinesterase inhibitors, nitric oxide (NO) production inhibitors, tyrosinase inhibitors, and antioxidants. The bark of M. denticulata showed the highest total phenolic content (2682 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g) and free radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 0.063 mg/mL). All of the samples inhibited linoleic acid peroxidation by greater than 80%, with the leaves of M. gigantea exhibiting the highest inhibition of 92.21%. Most of the samples exhibited significant antioxidant potential. The bark of M. denticulata and the leaves of both M. pruinosa and M. gigantea exhibited greater than 50% tyrosinase inhibition, with the bark of M. denticulata having the highest percentage of inhibition (68.7%). The bark and leaves of M. denticulata exhibited greater than 50% inhibition (73.82% and 54.50%, resp.) of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE), while none of the samples showed any significant inhibition of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Only the bark of M. denticulata and M. gigantea displayed greater than 50% inhibition of nitric oxide production in cells (81.79% and 56.51%, resp.). These bioactivities indicate that some Macaranga spp. have therapeutic potential in medicinal research. 1. Introduction Macaranga is a genus from the large Euphorbiaceae family, which contains almost 300 species. This genus is commonly found in the peninsular part of forests in Malaysia and in Kalimantan, Indonesia. Approximately 27 out of the 300 species have been found in Malaysia [1]. In Malaysia, Macaranga is known as Mahang and has been widely used as a traditional medicine [1, 2]. For instance, a root decoction of M. tanarius has been used as antipyretic for fever relief and as an antitussive to suppress coughing [1]. The leaves of M. tanarius are used to heal wounds and relieve inflammation [3]. Similarly, a decoction of the stems and leaves of M. denticulata is used for washing wounds and is drunk by women after childbirth to prevent infections and cleanse the body from toxins [4]. The young shoots of M. triloba, M. pruinosa, and M. gigantea are used to treat fungal infections, while decoctions of their leaves are known to treat stomach aches [5]. In Taiwan and China, these species are incorporated into commercial products, including toothpastes and health drinks, such as herbal tea [1]. Based on these applications, Macaranga species are expected to possess high antioxidant activities. However, the other potential bioactivities of these species need to be investigated. Phytochemical and pharmacological studies on a number of Macaranga species have led to the isolation of flavonoids, namely, 3,7,3′,4′-tetramethylquercetin and 3,7-dimethylquercetin, which exhibit inhibition against cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). This inhibition of COX-2 plays an important role in chemoprevention [6]. Another flavonoid, macarangin, was isolated from M. denticulata and has potent antioxidant activity [4]. Recently, five ellagitannins with potential antidiabetic properties were also successfully isolated from M. tanarius [7]. Samples with high antioxidant activity can be associated with significant antityrosinase activity, as both play important roles in preventing free radical-related skin damage [2]. The antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, and antibacterial properties of the leaves of M. gigantea, M. pruinosa, and M. tanarius have been documented [1]. However, the cholinesterase and nitric oxide inhibition activities of extracts of Macaranga species have not been studied, and there is little information regarding these specific properties of these extracts. The objective of this study was to evaluate the anticholinesterase, (...truncated)


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Nor Aishah Mazlan, Ahmed Mediani, Faridah Abas, Syahida Ahmad, Khozirah Shaari, Shamsul Khamis, N. H. Lajis. Antioxidant, Antityrosinase, Anticholinesterase, and Nitric Oxide Inhibition Activities of Three Malaysian Macaranga Species, The Scientific World Journal, 2013, 2013, DOI: 10.1155/2013/312741