Differences in Trace Metal Concentrations (Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd, and Ni) in Whole Blood, Plasma, and Urine of Obese and Nonobese Children

Biological Trace Element Research, Aug 2013

High-performance ion chromatography and inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry methods have been applied to estimate the content of Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Ni in whole blood, plasma, and urine of obese and nonobese children. The study was conducted on a group of 81 Polish children of age 6–17 years (37 males, 44 females). Obese children were defined as those with body mass index (BMI) >95th percentile in each age–gender-specific group. Statistical testing was done by the use of nonparametric tests (Kruskal–Wallis's and Mann–Whitney's U) and Spearman's correlation coefficient. Significant correlations appeared for control group in plasma (Mn–Cd, Ni–Co), urine (Cu–Co), and blood (Fe–Cu), while for obese patients in plasma (Cd–Mn, Ni–Cu, Ni–Zn) and urine (Fe–Cd, Co–Mn). Sex criteria did not influence correlations between metals' content in plasma and urine of obese patients. Metals' abundance was correlated in non-corresponding combinations of body fluids. Rare significant differences between content of metals according to sex and the type of body fluids were discovered: Zn in plasma from obese patients of both sexes, and Zn, Co, and Mn in blood, Mn in plasma from healthy subjects. Negative correlations between BMI and Zn in blood, Cu in plasma, and Fe in urine were discovered for girls (control group). Positive correlation between Co content in plasma and BMI was discovered for obese boys. The changes in metals' content in body fluids may be indicators of obesity. Content of zinc, copper, and cobalt should be monitored in children with elevated BMI to avoid deficiency problems.

A PDF file should load here. If you do not see its contents the file may be temporarily unavailable at the journal website or you do not have a PDF plug-in installed and enabled in your browser.

Alternatively, you can download the file locally and open with any standalone PDF reader:

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs12011-013-9783-8.pdf

Differences in Trace Metal Concentrations (Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd, and Ni) in Whole Blood, Plasma, and Urine of Obese and Nonobese Children

Anna Baewicz 0 1 2 Maria Klatka 0 1 2 Aleksander Astel 0 1 2 Magorzata Partyka 0 1 2 Ryszard Kocjan 0 1 2 0 A. Astel Environmental Chemistry Research Unit, Biology and Environmental Protection Institute, Pomeranian University , Supsk, Poland 1 M. Klatka Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Lublin , Lublin, Poland 2 M. Partyka Department of Jaw Orthopedics, Medical University of Lublin , Lublin, Poland High-performance ion chromatography and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry methods have been applied to estimate the content of Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Ni in whole blood, plasma, and urine of obese and nonobese children. The study was conducted on a group of 81 Polish children of age 6-17 years (37 males, 44 females). Obese children were defined as those with body mass index (BMI) >95th percentile in each age-gender-specific group. Statistical testing was done by the use of nonparametric tests (KruskalWallis's and Mann-Whitney's U ) and Spearman's correlation coefficient. Significant correlations appeared for control group in plasma (Mn-Cd, Ni-Co), urine (Cu-Co), and blood (Fe-Cu), while for obese patients in plasma (Cd-Mn, Ni-Cu, Ni-Zn) and urine (Fe-Cd, Co-Mn). Sex criteria did not influence correlations between metals' content in plasma and urine of obese patients. Metals' abundance was correlated in noncorresponding combinations of body fluids. Rare significant differences between content of metals according to sex and the type of body fluids were discovered: Zn in plasma from obese patients of both sexes, and Zn, Co, and Mn in blood, Mn in plasma from healthy subjects. Negative correlations between BMI and Zn in blood, Cu in plasma, and Fe in urine were discovered for girls (control group). Positive correlation between Co content in plasma and BMI was discovered for obese boys. The changes in metals' content in body fluids may be indicators of obesity. Content of zinc, copper, and cobalt should be monitored in children with elevated BMI to avoid deficiency problems. - Childhood obesity has become a global epidemic with important consequences for the health of future generations [1]. Obesity is a common endocrine and metabolic disorder in children, teenagers (over 20 % of population of young people in Poland), and adults. It is a disease characterized by the increase in the body mass above the normal level because of excessive filling of already existing fat cells with triglycerides (hypertrophy) and/or forming new cells (hyperplasia). It is a very common change in a phenotype with a grave prognosis and severe negative medical and social effects [2]. The World Health Organization claimed that more than 10 % of the world's adult population was obese in 2008. In 2011, more than 40 million children under the age of 5 were overweight [3]. Obesity is associated with an increase in mortality and morbidity, including type II diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular, orthopedic, and respiratory disease [1, 4]. However, studies of Lloyd et al. [5] do not fully support the view that childhood obesity is an independent risk factor for adult metabolic syndrome or type II diabetes. Moreover, according to the authors, those who are at the lower end of the body mass index (BMI) range in childhood but continue to be obese during adulthood seem to be at particular risk of metabolic syndrome. Recently, our knowledge on abundance of trace elements in human tissues and fluids has increased significantly due to improvements in analytics. Analytical methods have become useful in exploring the relationship between basic composition of body fluids and tissues, pathological conditions, and general nutritional status in humans. Many authors [610] studied the content of essential elements and toxic metals in human tissues, organs, and body fluids. However, the literature on trace elements status in obesity in children and adults is scarce. The authors concentrate mainly on iron [11], selenium, zinc [12], and copper [13]. Little is known about the content of nickel, cadmium, cobalt, or manganese in body fluids of obese children. Very recently, Hasbahceci et al. [14] have described the reverse relationship between BMI and boron level in blood of obese adults. Published research reveals that dietary deficiencies for certain mineral and trace elements may increase the absorption of toxic metals by certain tissues. Zinc deficiency has shown to increase cadmium deposition in the liver, while iron and copper deficiencies increase cadmium intake in the kidneys [15]. Cadmium affects the metabolism of zinc and copper. Some animal studies have demonstrated that cadmium exposure causes an increase in the urinary excretion of some essential metals, such as copper, zinc, and iron [16, 17]. In one experiment, the adverse effects of increased cadmium intake in animals were prevented by the supplementation of zinc and copper [18]. There is substantial experimental evidence that the apparent clinic (...truncated)


This is a preview of a remote PDF: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs12011-013-9783-8.pdf

Anna Błażewicz, Maria Klatka, Aleksander Astel, Małgorzata Partyka, Ryszard Kocjan. Differences in Trace Metal Concentrations (Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd, and Ni) in Whole Blood, Plasma, and Urine of Obese and Nonobese Children, Biological Trace Element Research, 2013, pp. 190-200, Volume 155, Issue 2, DOI: 10.1007/s12011-013-9783-8