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Adaptive transport layer protocol for highly dynamic environment
EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking
Adaptive transport layer protocol for highly dynamic environment
Hala Eldaw Idris Jubara 0
Sharifah Hafizah Syed Ariffin 0
Shiela N Fisal 0
Nurul Muazzah Abdul Latiff 0
Sharifah K Syed Yusof 0
Rozeha Rashid 0
0 UTM MIMOS CoE Communication and Information, Faculty of Electrical Engineering , Universiti Technologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor 81310 , Malaysia
Computer and wireless communication require Internet accessibility at anytime and anywhere; this includes in a high-speed mobile station such as in speedy trains, fast moving cars as vehicle-to-infrastructure communication. However, wireless Quality of Service (QoS) provisioning in such an environment is more challenging. This increased the development of numerous schemes concerning the need of smooth handover of the mobile nodes. Conversely, transport layer (L4 in ISO layers) protocols such as stream control transmission protocol can support such a seamless handover in high-speed mobility users. This article highlights on the issues of moving users in mobile WiMAX networks. An adaptation of transport layer protocol of the high mobility vehicle that supports seamless handover can guarantee and maintain QoS for rapid handover rates. The results show an improvement of L4 protocol in terms of delay time and throughput in order to enable efficient and robust mobility aware protocols.
Cross-layer; Handover delay; Adaptive mobility; High speed
Introduction
With more users moving around in need of Internet
connection from their home to their office, vehicular ad-hoc
network (VANETs) has increasingly become popular.
However, to have infrastructure of 3G and 4G around
VANET expands its usage by attaching the users to the
backbone infrastructure for additional support and usage
applications. Thus, in VANET there are two types of
communication, which are vehicles-to-vehicle (V2V) and
vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I). V2V deals with
communication between vehicles themselves, while V2Itransmits
information between vehicles and the fixed infrastructure
which are installed on the sides of the road. This
infrastructure includes gateways or base stations that provide
services such as Internet access. VANET is very similar to
mobile ad-hoc network (MANETs). However, the network
topology in vehicular networks is highly dynamic and the
topology is often constrained by the road structure [
1,2
].
Furthermore, V2I is likely to encounter a lot of
obstacles such as poor channel quality and connectivity due
to high moving speeds. Thus, there is a crucial need for
effective protocols that take the specific characteristics
of vehicular networks into account [
3,4
].
Most of the existing transport layer techniques proposed
for mobility cannot deal with mobility on their own, since
they depend on the network layer mobility management
required by handovers. The main purpose is simply to
minimize the degradation of transport layer performance
caused by handovers. Some of the newly emerging
protocols, such as stream control transmission protocol (SCTP),
suggest the possibility of independent management of
mobility by the transport layer. The multi-homing features of
SCTP provide a basis for mobility support since it allows a
mobile user to add new IP address, while holding the old
IP address already assigned to itself [
5-9
].
When the vehicle moves fast in V2I from on base station
to another; the current Internet session will experience long
handover delay. To reduce this delay we proposed an
enhancement over existing protocol known as seamless IP
diversity-based generalized mobility architecture (SIGMA)
as shown in Figure 1. SIGMA uses a location manager
(LM) to reduce handover delay caused of diversity in the
network as mentioned in Figure 1. Conversely, SIGMA
experiences more handover delay and packet loss rate when
the handover rate is high (high moving speed). A
crosslayer design of transport layer (L4) and data link layer (L2)
is proposed in order to optimize the performance of
SIGMA. To exploit SIGMA IP diversity and overcome the
weakness for high speeds, a cross-layer design makes L4
aware about the movement of the vehicle using the radio
signal strength indicator (RSSI) of L2.
The rest on the article is organized as follows. The
following section presents the highly dynamic environments
literature review, and the related works. An overview of
vehicular network mobility management in terms of five
requirements is detailed in “Vehicular network mobility
management”. The cross-layer design of the high speed to
overcome the problem statement is discussed in Section
“Proposed transport layer adaptation for high-speed
vehicle”. Section “Simulation topology” describes simulation
topology and parameters. Section “Results and discussion”
presents results of the protocol design mentioned, and the
final section concludes the article.
Highly dynamic environments
Mobility management is one of the most challenging
researc (...truncated)