Influence of particle size of nano zinc oxide on the controlled delivery of Amoxicillin
L. Palanikumar
0
1
2
S. Ramasamy
0
1
2
G. Hariharan
0
1
2
C. Balachandran
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1
2
0
C. Balachandran Division of Microbiology, Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College
, Chennai 600034,
India
1
G. Hariharan Institute for Ocean Management, Anna University
, Chennai 600025,
India
2
L. Palanikumar S. Ramasamy (&) Crystal Growth Centre, Anna University
, Chennai 600025,
India
A great effort has been exerted to develop drug carriers aiming at satisfying the requirements, such as safety, greater efficiency, predictable therapeutic response, and prolonged release period. The present study aims at developing the use of zinc oxide nanoparticles as a carrier as a function of particle size for amoxicillin drug delivery system. The amoxicillin-loaded zinc oxide nanoparticles have a good antibacterial activity against infectious Grampositive and Gram-negative bacteria. Zinc oxide nanoparticles have been prepared by wet chemical precipitation method varying the pH values. Particle size and morphology of the as-prepared ZnO powders are characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and transmission electron microscope. Drug loading, in vitro drug release and antibacterial activity have been analyzed. Maximum zone of inhibition is observed for Staphylococcus epidermis. The results show that inhibitory efficacy of drug-loaded ZnO nanoparticles is very much dependent on its chosen concentration, drug loading, and size.
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Over the past few years, local delivery systems have
attracted much attention due to their efficacy to improve
the ingrowth and regeneration of bones and teeth (Kim
et al. 2004). Drugs, such as antibiotics, anti-tumors, and
growth factors, have been administered to the defect
regions to induce therapeutic effects (Di Silvio and
Bonfield 1999). A great deal of effort has been exerted to
develop drug carriers, in the form of foams, films, and
microspheres, aiming at satisfying the requirements, such
as safety, greater efficiency, predictable therapeutic
response and prolonged release period (Gautier et al.
2001). Due to the large surface-to-volume ratio the
nanoparticles are very useful for attaching drug molecules and
other compounds (De Jong and Borm 2008). Nanoscale
devices, smaller than 50 nm, can easily enter most cells
and circulate through the body through blood vessels
(Courrier et al. 2002). The advances in micro and
nanofabrication technology have enhanced the tools available to
create clinically important therapeutic applications (Lu and
Chen 2004).
Controlled drug delivery is the technology by which the
drugs can be released at a predetermined rate for a long
period of time in the blood stream or delivered at the target
site (Kamaly et al. 2012). Unlike the traditional oral,
intravenous drug delivery methods whereby the drug is
distributed to both healthy and diseased tissue, in
controlled local drug delivery high concentration of drug is
achieved at the infected site. This leads to increase in
therapeutic index and therapeutic efficacy and abridged
side effects to other organs (Melville et al. 2008; Noel et al.
2008). Drug stability, optimized drug absorption, treatment
continuation in natural phase improvement in
pharmacokinetic characteristics of drug can be achieved by localized
drug delivery (Smola et al. 2008). In controlled drug
delivery system, the carrier plays a vital role since they
incorporate the drug, retain it, and release it progressively
with time. So, properties such as (1) drug incorporation and
release, (2) formulation stability and shelf life, (3)
biocompatibility, (4) bio-distribution, and (5) functionality
must be analyzed thoroughly when choosing a carrier for
delivery of drugs. The drug release from any carrier
depends upon solubility of drugs, microstructure of carrier,
degradation of carrier, and the bond between the drug and
carrier (De Jong and Borm 2008). The application of
nanotechnology to medical applications, commonly
referred to as nanomedicine, seeks to deliver a new set of
tools, devices and therapies for treatment of human disease
(Rasmussen et al. 2010). The potential use of zinc oxide
(ZnO) and other metal oxide nanoparticles in biomedical
and cancer applications is gaining attention in the scientific
and medical communities, largely due to the physical and
chemical properties of these nanomaterials (Rasmussen
et al. 2010). ZnO is one of the five zinc compounds which
are currently recognized as safe for nutrients by the US
Food and Drug Administration (21CFR182.8991). ZnO
nanoparticles (NPs) are widely used in many consumer
products like cosmetics, toothpaste, textiles, and skin
lotions (Ng et al. 2010).
Amoxicillin trihydrate is a semi synthetic antibiotic with
a broad spectrum of bactericidal activity against many
Gram-positive and Gram-negative, aerobic and anaerobic
microorganisms. It does not resist destruction by
b-lactamases; therefore, it is not effective against
b-lactamaseproducing bacteria. Chemically, it is d(- (...truncated)