Influence of particle size of nano zinc oxide on the controlled delivery of Amoxicillin

Applied Nanoscience, Jul 2012

A great effort has been exerted to develop drug carriers aiming at satisfying the requirements, such as safety, greater efficiency, predictable therapeutic response, and prolonged release period. The present study aims at developing the use of zinc oxide nanoparticles as a carrier as a function of particle size for amoxicillin drug delivery system. The amoxicillin-loaded zinc oxide nanoparticles have a good antibacterial activity against infectious Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Zinc oxide nanoparticles have been prepared by wet chemical precipitation method varying the pH values. Particle size and morphology of the as-prepared ZnO powders are characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and transmission electron microscope. Drug loading, in vitro drug release and antibacterial activity have been analyzed. Maximum zone of inhibition is observed for Staphylococcus epidermis. The results show that inhibitory efficacy of drug-loaded ZnO nanoparticles is very much dependent on its chosen concentration, drug loading, and size.

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Influence of particle size of nano zinc oxide on the controlled delivery of Amoxicillin

L. Palanikumar 0 1 2 S. Ramasamy 0 1 2 G. Hariharan 0 1 2 C. Balachandran 0 1 2 0 C. Balachandran Division of Microbiology, Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College , Chennai 600034, India 1 G. Hariharan Institute for Ocean Management, Anna University , Chennai 600025, India 2 L. Palanikumar S. Ramasamy (&) Crystal Growth Centre, Anna University , Chennai 600025, India A great effort has been exerted to develop drug carriers aiming at satisfying the requirements, such as safety, greater efficiency, predictable therapeutic response, and prolonged release period. The present study aims at developing the use of zinc oxide nanoparticles as a carrier as a function of particle size for amoxicillin drug delivery system. The amoxicillin-loaded zinc oxide nanoparticles have a good antibacterial activity against infectious Grampositive and Gram-negative bacteria. Zinc oxide nanoparticles have been prepared by wet chemical precipitation method varying the pH values. Particle size and morphology of the as-prepared ZnO powders are characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and transmission electron microscope. Drug loading, in vitro drug release and antibacterial activity have been analyzed. Maximum zone of inhibition is observed for Staphylococcus epidermis. The results show that inhibitory efficacy of drug-loaded ZnO nanoparticles is very much dependent on its chosen concentration, drug loading, and size. - Over the past few years, local delivery systems have attracted much attention due to their efficacy to improve the ingrowth and regeneration of bones and teeth (Kim et al. 2004). Drugs, such as antibiotics, anti-tumors, and growth factors, have been administered to the defect regions to induce therapeutic effects (Di Silvio and Bonfield 1999). A great deal of effort has been exerted to develop drug carriers, in the form of foams, films, and microspheres, aiming at satisfying the requirements, such as safety, greater efficiency, predictable therapeutic response and prolonged release period (Gautier et al. 2001). Due to the large surface-to-volume ratio the nanoparticles are very useful for attaching drug molecules and other compounds (De Jong and Borm 2008). Nanoscale devices, smaller than 50 nm, can easily enter most cells and circulate through the body through blood vessels (Courrier et al. 2002). The advances in micro and nanofabrication technology have enhanced the tools available to create clinically important therapeutic applications (Lu and Chen 2004). Controlled drug delivery is the technology by which the drugs can be released at a predetermined rate for a long period of time in the blood stream or delivered at the target site (Kamaly et al. 2012). Unlike the traditional oral, intravenous drug delivery methods whereby the drug is distributed to both healthy and diseased tissue, in controlled local drug delivery high concentration of drug is achieved at the infected site. This leads to increase in therapeutic index and therapeutic efficacy and abridged side effects to other organs (Melville et al. 2008; Noel et al. 2008). Drug stability, optimized drug absorption, treatment continuation in natural phase improvement in pharmacokinetic characteristics of drug can be achieved by localized drug delivery (Smola et al. 2008). In controlled drug delivery system, the carrier plays a vital role since they incorporate the drug, retain it, and release it progressively with time. So, properties such as (1) drug incorporation and release, (2) formulation stability and shelf life, (3) biocompatibility, (4) bio-distribution, and (5) functionality must be analyzed thoroughly when choosing a carrier for delivery of drugs. The drug release from any carrier depends upon solubility of drugs, microstructure of carrier, degradation of carrier, and the bond between the drug and carrier (De Jong and Borm 2008). The application of nanotechnology to medical applications, commonly referred to as nanomedicine, seeks to deliver a new set of tools, devices and therapies for treatment of human disease (Rasmussen et al. 2010). The potential use of zinc oxide (ZnO) and other metal oxide nanoparticles in biomedical and cancer applications is gaining attention in the scientific and medical communities, largely due to the physical and chemical properties of these nanomaterials (Rasmussen et al. 2010). ZnO is one of the five zinc compounds which are currently recognized as safe for nutrients by the US Food and Drug Administration (21CFR182.8991). ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) are widely used in many consumer products like cosmetics, toothpaste, textiles, and skin lotions (Ng et al. 2010). Amoxicillin trihydrate is a semi synthetic antibiotic with a broad spectrum of bactericidal activity against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative, aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms. It does not resist destruction by b-lactamases; therefore, it is not effective against b-lactamaseproducing bacteria. Chemically, it is d(- (...truncated)


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L. Palanikumar, S. Ramasamy, G. Hariharan, C. Balachandran. Influence of particle size of nano zinc oxide on the controlled delivery of Amoxicillin, Applied Nanoscience, 2012, pp. 441-451, Volume 3, Issue 5, DOI: 10.1007/s13204-012-0141-5