A new fossil species of Phlebotominae sand fly from Miocene amber of Chiapas, Mexico (Diptera: Psychodidae)
Sergio Iban ez-Bernal
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Monica Solorzano Kraemer
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Frauke Stebner
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Ru diger Wagner
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Mexikanischer Bernstein Pintomyia
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M. S. Kraemer F. Stebner Steinmann-Institut fur Geologie, Mineralogie und Palaontologie Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn
, Nussallee 8,
53115 Bonn, Germany
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S. Ibanez-Bernal (&) Instituto de Ecologa
, A. C. Red Ambiente y Sustentabilidad, Antigua carretera a Coatepec No. 351 El Haya, 91070 Xalapa, Veracruz,
Mexico
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Schlu sselw orter Phlebotomine
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R. Wagner FB 18 Naturwissenschaften,
Institut fur Biologie
, Heinrich-Plett-Strae 40, 34132 Kassel,
Germany
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M. S. Kraemer Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum
, Senckenberganlage 25,
60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
The male of Pintomyia (Pifanomyia) bolontikui sp. nov., from the Miocene Mexican amber deposits of Simojovel, Chiapas, is described. This is the second fossil phlebotomine sand fly described from Mexico. Morphological differences between fossil and extant species of American phlebotomine sand flies are discussed. Kurzfassung Pintomyia (Pifanomyia) bolontikui sp. nov. aus dem Miozanen Mexikanischen Bernstein von Simojovel, Chiapas wird beschrieben. Dies ist die zweite beschriebene fossile Phlebotomine aus Mexiko. Morphologische Unterschiede zwischen fossilen und rezenten Arten der amerikanischen Phlebotominae werden diskutiert.
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Phlebotominae is one of the six subfamilies of
Psychodidae, with more than 800 species described worldwide
(Wagner 2009; Curler and Moulton 2012). Due to their
medical and veterinary importance, it is the best studied
group of psychodids, as their females are hematophagous
and involved in the transmission of pathogens, principally
those that produce all clinical types of leishmaniasis
(Young and Arias 1991). Nevertheless, their taxonomy is
controversial and much discussed. Rohdendorf (1964) as
well as Abonnenc (1976) and Williams (1993) gave them
family rank, whereas they were treated as a subfamily of
Psychodidae including six genera of Phlebotminae
according to Lewis et al. (1977) and Young and Duncan
(1994), as a subfamily including 24 genera according to
Artemiev (1991), and as a subfamily including 31 genera
according to Galati (2003).
Psychodidae are known from the Lower Jurassic
(Ansorge 1994; Krzeminski 2003) and probably from the upper
Triassic (Blagoderov et al. 2007).
The oldest records of phlebotomine-like species from
amber are from the Lower Cretaceous deposits of France
(Perrichot et al. 2007), Spain (Declo`s et al. 2007) and
Lebanon (Azar et al. 1999), although the placement of
some of these species into the Phlebotominae still is a
matter of debate (Lukashevich 2003). Furthermore, two
species of Phlebotomites from Lebanese amber (Hennig
1972) and Palaeomyia burmitis from Burmese amber
(Poinar 2004) show evidence of blood-sucking habits that,
in addition to other morphologic characteristics, support
their inclusion in Phlebotominae.
From the Eocene, two genera, Phlebotomiella and
Sergentomyia, are known from Baltic amber (Andrade
Filho and Brazil 2003) and one more from Indian amber
b Fig. 1 Photographs of Pintomyia (Pintomyia) bolontikui sp. nov.
(holotype, male, Mx 351.3). 1 General view; 2 body close-up; 3 detail
of paramere, lateral lobe and cercus; 4 detail of gonopod; 5 antennae;
6 head and its appendages; 7 wing; 8 detail of hind femora. Scales in
millimeters
described as Phlebotoiella by Solorzano Kraemer and
Wagner (2009).
From the New World, 16 fossil species are described to
date from the Miocene Dominican and Mexican amber
deposits. These correspond to the genus Lutzomyia Franca
(sensu Young and Duncan 1994) or to genera
Micropygomyia Barretto (3 spp.), Pintomyia Costa Lima (12
spp.), and Psathyromyia Barretto (1 sp.) (sensu Galati
2003), (Poinar 2008; Andrade Filho et al. 2009a; Andrade
Filho et al. 2009b).
From the Mexican amber deposit of Simojovel de
Allende, Chiapas, which is dated to the Miocene age (20 Ma)
(Solorzano Kraemer 2007), only the phlebotomine sand fly
Micropygomyia (Sauromyia) paterna Quate, 1963 sensu
Galati (2003), described as Phlebotomus paternus, has
been recorded. In this report the second species of
phlebotomine sand fly from the Simojovel amber is described
based on morphological characteristics of a male specimen.
Materials and methods
The piece of amber containing the specimen was polished
to form a cube, measuring 7.5 9 5.2 (principal
surface) 9 3.3 mm (proof). The specimen was examined
using a Nikon Eclipse 50i microscope. Measurements were
obtained with an ocular micrometer and are given in
millimeters. Drawings were rendered with the aid of a Nikon
YIDT drawing tube and digitally processed with Corel
Photo Paint X3 (Version 13). Microphotographs were
captured with a Nikon Digital Sight DS2Mv camera using
NISElements F 3.2 and later edited for clarity using
Helicon Focus v. 4.75.
Morphological terminology is in accordance with
Young and Duncan (1994) and Galati (2003). We (...truncated)