Cytokine profiles and phenotype regulation of antigen presenting cells by genotype-I porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus isolates

Veterinary Research, Jan 2011

The present study examined the immunological response of antigen presenting cells (APC) to genotype-I isolates of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection by analysing the cytokine profile induced and evaluating the changes taking place upon infection on immunologically relevant cell markers (MHCI, MHCII, CD80/86, CD14, CD16, CD163, CD172a, SWC9). Several types of APC were infected with 39 PRRSV isolates. The results show that different isolates were able to induce different patterns of IL-10 and TNF-α. The four possible phenotypes based on the ability to induce IL-10 and/or TNF-α were observed, although different cell types seemed to have different capabilities. In addition, isolates inducing different cytokine-release profiles on APC could induce different expression of cell markers.

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Cytokine profiles and phenotype regulation of antigen presenting cells by genotype-I porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus isolates

Veterinary Research Cytokine profiles and phenotype regulation of antigen presenting cells by genotype-I porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus isolates Mariona Gimeno 0 2 3 Laila Darwich 0 2 3 Ivan Diaz 2 Eugenia de la Torre 2 Joan Pujols 2 Marga Martn 0 2 3 Shigeki Inumaru 1 Esmeralda Cano 2 Mariano Domingo 0 2 3 Maria Montoya 2 Enric Mateu 0 2 3 0 Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinaria, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona , 08193 Cerdanyola del Valles , Spain 1 NARO National Institute of Animal Health , Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki , Japan 2 Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA) , UAB-IRTA, campus UAB, Edifici CR, 08193 Cerdanyola del Valles , Spain 3 Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinaria, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona , 08193 Cerdanyola del Valles , Spain The present study examined the immunological response of antigen presenting cells (APC) to genotype-I isolates of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection by analysing the cytokine profile induced and evaluating the changes taking place upon infection on immunologically relevant cell markers (MHCI, MHCII, CD80/86, CD14, CD16, CD163, CD172a, SWC9). Several types of APC were infected with 39 PRRSV isolates. The results show that different isolates were able to induce different patterns of IL-10 and TNF-a. The four possible phenotypes based on the ability to induce IL-10 and/or TNF-a were observed, although different cell types seemed to have different capabilities. In addition, isolates inducing different cytokine-release profiles on APC could induce different expression of cell markers. - Introduction Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the major pathogens affecting the swine industry worldwide. Control of the infection has proven to be difficult because of the limited knowledge on the ways by which the virus is transmitted between herds and also because of the lack of fully and universally protective vaccines. One of the main obstacles for the development of efficacious vaccines against PRRSV is the very partial understanding of PRRS immunopathogenesis. A few years ago, several papers comprehensively described the adaptive immune response to PRRS and showed that after infection or vaccination with either European or American PRRSV strains, pigs develop a rapid humoral response devoid of neutralising antibodies (NA). For some not yet fully elucidated reasons, NA develop much later in the course of infection [1]. Cell-mediated immunity, measured as virus-specific interferon-gamma (IFN-g) secreting cells (SC), has an erratic behaviour for several weeks after the onset of infection [2-4] showing afterwards a trend to increase and reach a steady state. To explain such a unique picture of the adaptive immune response against viral infection seems to rely mostly but not only, on the early events of the innate immune response [5,6]. Early studies [7] showed that PRRSV was unable to induce significant IFN-a responses in vivo or in vitro. Also, infection of porcine macrophages with PRRSV impaired or abolished the IFN-a responses against transmissible gastroenteritis virus that is known to be a potent IFN-a inducer. Later on, other authors [8] showed that different North American PRRSV (genotype-II) isolates differed in their sensitivity to IFN-a and in their capabilities for inducing this cytokine. These authors suggested that the inhibition of IFN-a responses by PRRSV may be mediated by post-transcriptional mechanisms of regulation. IFN-a is not the only cytokine that seems to be affected by PRRSV infection. Several papers showed that interleukin-10 (IL-10) may play a role in the regulation of the immune response in PRRSV infection both in vitro and ex vivo [1-3,9,10]. Nevertheless, it has also been reported that different strains may induce different IL-10 responses in PBMC [3] and, therefore, different outcomes of the infection and the resulting immune response could be expected after infection with different strains. In addition, American-type PRRSV isolates seem to be able to downregulate other important components of the early immune response of antigen presenting cells (APC), in particular major histocompatibility complex (MHC) expression [10,11] and CD80/86 [12]. Taking into account those previous reports, it has become evident that IFN-a and IL-10 are clear targets for studying the regulation of the immune response against PRRSV. However, the available evidences suggest that different strains may probably produce different cytokine release patterns [13]. In the present study, a large collection of PRRSV strains was chosen to study the in vitro effects of PRRSV in different types of APC, with particular emphasis on cytokine profiles and the regulation of immunologically relevant cell markers. The participation of APC in the immune response is crucial and the examination of cytokine responses may provide i (...truncated)


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Mariona Gimeno, Laila Darwich, Ivan Diaz, Eugenia de la Torre, Joan Pujols, Marga Martín, Shigeki Inumaru, Esmeralda Cano, Mariano Domingo, Maria Montoya, Enric Mateu. Cytokine profiles and phenotype regulation of antigen presenting cells by genotype-I porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus isolates, Veterinary Research, 2011, pp. 9, 42, DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-42-9