Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Cell Cycle of the Dinoflagellate Prorocentrum donghaiense (Dinophyceae)
Hong H-S (2013) Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Cell Cycle of the Dinoflagellate Prorocentrum donghaiense
(Dinophyceae). PLoS ONE 8(5): e63659. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0063659
Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Cell Cycle of the Dinoflagellate Prorocentrum donghaiense (Dinophyceae)
Da-Zhi Wang 0 1
Ying-Jiao Zhang 0 1
Shu-Fei Zhang 0 1
Lin Lin 0 1
Hua-Sheng Hong 0 1
Senjie Lin, University of Connecticut, United States of America
0 Funding: This work was partially supported by research grants from the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China (Project No. 2010CB428703 and 2011CB111500) , the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41230961), the Excellent Group and the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University to D.-Z. Wang. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript
1 State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science/College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University , Xiamen , China
Dinoflagellates are the major causative agents of harmful algal blooms in the coastal zone, which has resulted in adverse effects on the marine ecosystem and public health, and has become a global concern. Knowledge of cell cycle regulation in proliferating cells is essential for understanding bloom dynamics, and so this study compared the protein profiles of Prorocentrum donghaiense at different cell cycle phases and identified differentially expressed proteins using 2-D fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis combined with MALDI-TOF-TOF mass spectrometry. The results showed that the synchronized cells of P. donghaiense completed a cell cycle within 24 hours and cell division was phased with the diurnal cycle. Comparison of the protein profiles at four cell cycle phases (G1, S, early and late G2/M) showed that 53 protein spots altered significantly in abundance. Among them, 41 were identified to be involved in a variety of biological processes, e.g. cell cycle and division, RNA metabolism, protein and amino acid metabolism, energy and carbon metabolism, oxidationreduction processes, and ABC transport. The periodic expression of these proteins was critical to maintain the proper order and function of the cell cycle. This study, to our knowledge, for the first time revealed the major biological processes occurring at different cell cycle phases which provided new insights into the mechanisms regulating the cell cycle and growth of dinoflagellates.
-
Dinoflagellates are not only the primary producers in marine
and fresh water ecosystems, but they are also the major causative
agents of harmful algal blooms (HABs) in the coastal zone [1,2].
Moreover, many of them are able to produce various toxins that
impact human health through the consumption of sea foods
contaminated by the toxic dinoflagellates, or through water or
aerosol exposure [3]. In addition to these adverse impacts,
dinoflagellate toxins are responsible for the death of marine fish,
shellfish, mammals, birds, and other animals depending on the
marine food web [47]. In the past few decades, the frequency,
intensity and geographic distribution of dinoflagellate causing
HABs have increased significantly and so have attracted
considerable public concern. Many studies have been devoted to the
physical, chemical, and biological mechanisms involved in HABs
[8]. However, little is known concerning the molecular
mechanisms regulating the formation of HABs.
The growth of a marine phytoplankton population results
directly from the completion of a cell cycle and, therefore, study of
cell cycle progression and its regulation might help to reveal the
mechanisms underlying the growth and bloom formation of
dinoflagellates. In eukaryotic cells, the cell cycle consists of G1, S,
G2 and M phases, and cell cycle progression is regulated by both
cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). Their interactions
drive the cell through the different stages of the cell cycle and
subsequently regulate cell growth [9]. Dinoflagellates follow a
typical eukaryotic G1-S-G2-M cell cycle [10] and a few cyclin and
CDKlike proteins or genes have been found in dinoflagellates. A
proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) gene has been identified
in many dinoflagellate species [1116], and its expression is high in
the late night and early day in Pyrocystis lunula [11], while reaches
the highest in the S phase in Karenia brevis [15,17]. A mitotic cyclin
gene has also been detected in Gonyaulax polyedra and Alexandrium
fundyense with high expression in the G2/M-phase cells [18,19]. A
cyclin B-like protein in K. brevis may regulate the cell cycle
proceeding from the G2 to the M phase [20]. CDC2 like-kinase is
also detected in Gambierdiscus toxicus and its expression is observed
through the cell cycle, but only presents activity in the late phase of
the dark cycle [21]. Some eukaryotic cell cycle regulation factors,
i.e. CDK and histone kinase activity, are al (...truncated)