Single and Combined Effects of Deoxynivalenol Mycotoxin and a Microbial Feed Additive on Lymphocyte DNA Damage and Oxidative Stress in Broiler Chickens
B ohm J (2014) Single and Combined Effects of Deoxynivalenol Mycotoxin and a Microbial Feed Additive on
Lymphocyte DNA Damage and Oxidative Stress in Broiler Chickens. PLoS ONE 9(1): e88028. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088028
Single and Combined Effects of Deoxynivalenol Mycotoxin and a Microbial Feed Additive on Lymphocyte DNA Damage and Oxidative Stress in Broiler Chickens
Wageha A. Awad 0
Khaled Ghareeb 0
Agnes Dadak 0
Michael Hess 0
Josef Bo hm 0
Anna Alisi, Bambino Gesu' Children Hospital, Italy
0 1 Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Clinic for Avian, Reptile and Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine , Vienna , Austria , 2 Department of Animal Hygiene , Behaviour and Management , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt, 3 Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine , Vienna , Austria , 4 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine , Vienna , Austria
The immune and intestinal epithelial cells are particularly sensitive to the toxic effects of deoxynivalenol (DON). The aim of this experiment was to study the effects of DON and/or a microbial feed additive on the DNA damage of blood lymphocytes and on the level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) as an indicator of lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in broilers. A total of forty 1-d-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments (10 birds per group) for 5 wk. The dietary treatments were 1) basal diet; 2) basal diet contaminated with 10 mg DON/kg feed; 3) basal diet contaminated with 10 mg DON/kg feed and supplemented with 2.5 kg/ton of feed of Mycofix Select; 4) basal diet supplemented with Mycofix Select (2.5 kg/ton of feed). At the end of the feeding trial, blood were collected for measuring the level of lymphocyte DNA damage of blood and the TBARS level was measured in plasma, heart, kidney, duodenum and jejunum. The dietary exposure of DON caused a significant increase (P = 0.001) of DNA damage in blood lymphocytes (31.9960.89%) as indicated in the tail of comet assay. Interestingly addition of Mycofix Select to DON contaminated diet decreased (P = 0.001) the DNA damage (19.8261.75%) induced by DON. In order to clarify the involvement of lipid peroxidation in the DNA damage of DON, TBARS levels was measured. A significant increase (P = 0.001) in the level of TBARS (2362 nmol/mg) was observed in the jejunal tissue suggesting that the lipid peroxidation might be involved in the DNA damage. The results indicate that DON is cytotoxic and genotoxic to the chicken intestinal and immune cells and the feed additive have potential ability to prevent DNA damage induced by DON.
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Funding: This work received the financial support from Biomin GTI GmbH, Herzogenburg, Austria. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and
analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing Interests: This work received the financial support from Biomin GTI GmbH, Herzogenburg, Austria. This does not alter the authors adherence to all
the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.
Deoxynivalenol (DON), a common contaminant of poultry
feed, is mainly produced by Fusarium graminearum and F. Culmorum
and frequently detected in cereals and grains, particularly in
wheat, barley, maize and their by-products. Because mycotoxin
production depends on environmental conditions such as
temperature and humidity, DON contamination can not be avoided
completely. Consequently, exposure of human and farm animals
including poultry to DON is a permanent health risk assessment
issue.
Deoxynivalenol-induced oxidative stress and mitogen-activated
protein kinase activation leads to a phenomenon known as
ribotoxic stress response, where DON binds to ribosomes and
inhibits protein synthesis [1]. It is known that the tissues with a
high protein turnover such as the gastrointestinal tract and
immune cells are highly sensitive to DON. One of the possible
adverse impacts of mycotoxin in cells is the higher production of
free radicals and reactive oxygen species leading to oxidative
damage [2]. For example, it is assumed that DON and T-2 toxin
are capable to increase the free radical production resulting in
membrane and DNA damage, consequently oxidative stress is
significant mechanism for their toxicity [38]. DON at
concentrations of 3.7515 mM caused an increase in the levels of TBARS
as an index of cellular lipid peroxidation in a dose-dependent
manner in HepG2 cells and caused DNA damage [9]. However,
the effects of DON on lipid peroxidation are poorly studied in
poultry.
Lipid peroxidation can be one indicator for cellular damage in
the toxicity of DON mycotoxin. The biomolecules such as nucleic
acids, proteins, and lipids are the main targets of oxidative damage
[10]. It was shown (...truncated)