Parent and Friend Emotion Socialization in Adolescence: Associations with Psychological Adjustment

Adolescent Research Review, Mar 2016

Emotion socialization influences how adolescents learn how to express and regulate their affect, and has ramifications for adolescent psychological adjustment. The majority of emotion socialization research pertains to the influence of parents in childhood; however, close friends gain influence in adolescence. The present narrative review compares parent and friend emotion socialization during adolescence, a developmental period with marked social and emotional challenges in relation to emotion regulation and psychological adjustment. This review suggests that parents and friends are largely similar in their influence on adolescent adjustment, though some socialization strategies and outcomes have yet to be fully examined in friend emotion socialization. Fruitful directions for future research are discussed.

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Parent and Friend Emotion Socialization in Adolescence: Associations with Psychological Adjustment

Parent and Friend Emotion Socialization in Adolescence: Associations with Psychological Adjustment Rachel L. Miller-Slough 0 1 Julie C. Dunsmore 0 1 0 Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech , 109 Williams Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24060 , USA 1 & Rachel L. Miller-Slough Emotion socialization influences how adolescents learn how to express and regulate their affect, and has ramifications for adolescent psychological adjustment. The majority of emotion socialization research pertains to the influence of parents in childhood; however, close friends gain influence in adolescence. The present narrative review compares parent and friend emotion socialization during adolescence, a developmental period with marked social and emotional challenges in relation to emotion regulation and psychological adjustment. This review suggests that parents and friends are largely similar in their influence on adolescent adjustment, though some socialization strategies and outcomes have yet to be fully examined in friend emotion socialization. Fruitful directions for future research are discussed. Emotion socialization; Parent-child relations; Friendships; Adolescence; Adjustment Introduction Emotion socialization is a formative process in adolescent socio-emotional development (Klimes-Dougan and Zeman 2007) . Much of the extant literature on emotion socialization pertains to parents; however, friends gain increasing influence during adolescence (Rubin et al. 2009; von Salisch 2001) . This narrative review will compare emotion socialization in parent–child relationships and close friendships, and how each relates to internalizing symptoms, externalizing symptoms, and social competence in adolescence. These outcomes are particularly relevant in adolescence, when youth are at heightened risk for developing psychological difficulties and face new social demands for which they may need emotional guidance (Costello et al. 2003; Garcia and Scherf 2015) . This review identified sources of emotion socialization strategies based on theoretical models (Eisenberg et al. 1998; Morris et al. 2007) . Articles and chapters were then selected for inclusion when relevant to these socialization strategies (modeling, responses to emotion, emotion discussions) and focused on adolescence. Thus, inclusion was not based on a specific publication date range or keyword, but rather theoretical relevance. This strategy narrowed coverage of the vast emotion socialization literature by excluding empirical studies focused on early or middle childhood. Similarly, there is a large literature on the influence of parents and friends in adolescence, but the review focused on those studies that pertained to emotion socialization, rather than broader influence. Methodology, design, and sample characteristics for each of the articles included in this review are summarized in Table 1. The review first discusses parent–child relationships and friendships in adolescence, compared with earlier developmental periods, followed by a review of emotion socialization strategies. Parents and Friends in Adolescence From a developmental perspective, the parent–child relationship is the first influential dyadic relationship in a child’s life and provides a basis from which adolescents engage with friends. First, it is a space to develop competencies to apply in future relationships, such as how to R A I I I D , P R S , R P E d n a R , R S , R P R , F d n a e r-o ticv R t e a S R , P s t l u s e r f o y r a m u S m o c t u O 8 6 3 . l a te ) 5 n 1 i t 0 s 2 a ( E N s e i d u t s h c r a e s re a e f l o p y m r a a S ilrsg d reep to tsom ion to n dn .lrs reo lira tltrrrssssseeaeaponw ittiltrssceaaaeodhw itrfrsssseeepvdyoopmm ,iitiir-caahgnohunonnm llifr-ssacoobyoonow iitranuonm titireeacacnoongnhom ttffrfffrseeeecuhboopo tillirssaeaconnoo teececponm tiiltitlrraeaaeaennvdond ltIsseaecaodnnydpEm tlttrsaeeceoughhdoonm ltirseagyduon tirrrfssseeeopvupoponm tiltrrfrsseaaeaeennpddnd lltirsssssaeeceeedonpdon titirrrseeeceaehovowm .iliitrrssaczaeaeonggnnP i’ssssseeaanhpudobydn tttirfrfeaeaaohngohm titr’fsseaenpnuhonPm tittlrsseaaeeoonodwmm lilitirsssscacehoyogpdn ltsseecaodn iliifrssseeeecenodvdndm lltfrffssseeeeeaecvodpd n I P P S M C s p i sh ss d e n r e p e ’ ir x b s f e d d n s y o an ire y t t i a l l a e f p u ik s s q l no fo i d igh reo ti e l o v a i n h m em tr o o ti in re ir p o ls e e p i w th su em r G r e v r e v e o r e o r im ts ea im ts ea t t in y in y o o o o w p 1 w p 1 T C C C T 6 1 – 2 1 2 5 7 1 . l a t e ) a 11 t t 0 ile (2 , , % sy % ls % sy .2 ls % o 9 ir .8 o 0 ir 1 b 4 g 9 b 5 g 5 4 , r h e h , , irsk and t n n n o a a a u ic ic h is ’’ % r r c T am % 3 e e a A ic re % irn 1 .6 m m e ,n an th 2 u ,s d A A % ca sp o , S le n n n 1 ir i d tchuD rfom litnA ,acacn raepou irfcaA tauob eeAm ,icanH iacann % % tch ro E % d iv re re .4 .7 u o n ta m m 3 1 D M 5% 11 ‘‘a N A A 9 8 R S R , F – K 8 2 $ = e n m ia o K ed icn 85 –9 ts rd en 3 d (...truncated)


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Rachel L. Miller-Slough, Julie C. Dunsmore. Parent and Friend Emotion Socialization in Adolescence: Associations with Psychological Adjustment, Adolescent Research Review, 2016, pp. 287-305, Volume 1, Issue 4, DOI: 10.1007/s40894-016-0026-z