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Non-target impact of fungicide tetraconazole on microbial communities in soils with different agricultural management
Ecotoxicology
Non-target impact of fungicide tetraconazole on microbial communities in soils with different agricultural management
Sławomir Sułowicz 0 1
Mariusz Cycon´ 0 1
Zofia Piotrowska-Seget 0 1
0 Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Silesia , Jagiellon ́ska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec , Poland
1 & Sławomir Sułowicz
Effect of the fungicide tetraconazole on microbial community in silt loam soils from orchard with long history of triazole application and from grassland with no known history of fungicide usage was investigated. Triazole tetraconazole that had never been used on these soils before was applied at the field rate and at tenfold the FR. Response of microbial communities to tetraconazole was investigated during 28-day laboratory experiment by determination of changes in their biomass and structure (phospholipid fatty acids method-PLFA), activity (fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis-FDA) as well as changes in genetic (DGGE) and functional (Biolog) diversity. Obtained results indicated that the response of soil microorganisms to tetraconazole depended on the management of the soils. DGGE patterns revealed that both dosages of fungicide affected the structure of bacterial community and the impact on genetic diversity and richness was more prominent in orchard soil. Values of stress indices-the saturated/monounsaturated PLFAs ratio and the cyclo/monounsaturated precursors ratio, were almost twice as high and the Gram-negative/Gram-positive ratio was significantly lower in the orchard soil compared with
Tetraconazole; Orchard; Grassland; DGGE; PLFA; Biolog
-
Department of Microbiology, University of Silesia,
Jagiellon´ska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
the grassland soil. Results of principal component analysis
of PLFA and Biolog profiles revealed significant impact of
tetraconazole in orchard soil on day 28, whereas changes in
these profiles obtained for grassland soil were insignificant
or transient. Obtained results indicated that orchards soil
seems to be more vulnerable to tetraconazole application
compared to grassland soil. History of pesticide application
and agricultural management should be taken into account
in assessing of environmental impact of studied pesticides.
Introduction
Orchards are specific environments especially subjected to
the successive annual application of fungicides. Many
reports have shown that fungicides application may affect
the biomass of non-target mi
croorganisms (Pal et al. 2008
;
Tejada et al. 2011), change their biochemical activity
(Bending et al. 2007; Wang et al. 2009a, 2016;
Milenkovski et al. 2010; Mun˜oz-Leoz et al. 2011)
as well as
stru
ctural (Wang et al. 2009
b;
Cordero-Bueso et al. 2014
;
You et al. 2016), functional
(Mun˜oz-Leoz et al. 2011;
Wang et al. 2012; Wu et al. 2015)
and geneti
c diversity
(Yen et al. 2009
; Gu et al. 2010). Changes in microbial
biota may be reflected in soil diversity, a key factor for the
supplying of ecosystem goods and services to human
society, which determines the ecological responses of
terrestrial ecosystems to environmental change
(Bardgett and
van der Putten 2014)
. Therefore component of the intensive
agriculture management, such as pesticide application, may
influence the response of microorganisms to applied
fungicides
(Barrios 2007)
.
One of the most important fungicides abundantly used in
the management practice of orchards are the demethylation
inhibitors (DMIs) such as triazoles
(Verweij et al. 2009)
.
These fungicides inhibit the cytochrome P450 14-a sterol
demethylase and stop the synthesis of fungal ergosterol
(Amer et al. 2007)
. Multiple application of an azole
fungicide alters fungal populations and in response to
reducing sensitivity to DMIs new fungicides have to be
applied
(Holb and Schnabel 2007; Verweij et al. 2009)
.
One of the compounds which is used to replace ineffective
fungicides is a next generation DMI fungicide—triazole
tetraconazole. The impact of tetraconazole on the soil
environment is poorly studied and these data are mainly
provided by the producers of the fungicide and two field
study
(Zhang et al. 2014a; Sułowicz and Piotrowska-Seget
2016)
. Microbial degradation, hydrolysis and photolysis
proceed slowly in soil. Laboratory and field studies
estimate the half-time (T1/2) dependent on its application
concentration and soil texture in the range from 67 to
69 days
(Alam et al. 2013; Zhang et al. 2014a)
to over
1688 days
(EPA 2005; EFSA 2008)
. Persistence of
tetraconazole indicates a tendency to accumulate in the soil
with successive annual applications. Therefore, a decision
of the EU authorises limited use of tetraconazole for crops
on the same field every third year (
Council Directive
2009
).
The objective of this study was to investigate the
response of microbial communities from two silt loam soils
with different history of soil management to triazole
tetraconazole tha (...truncated)