Evaluation and analysis of an enhanced hybrid wireless mesh protocol for vehicular ad hoc network
Eltahir et al. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications
and Networking
Evaluation and analysis of an enhanced hybrid wireless mesh protocol for vehicular ad hoc network
Amal A. Eltahir 0
Rashid A. Saeed 0
Amitava Mukherjee 2
Mohammad Kamrul Hasan 1
0 Electronics Engineering School, Sudan University of Science and Technology (SUST) , Khartoum , Sudan
1 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) , 53100 Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
2 IBM India Private Limited , Kolkata , India
This paper presents a new clustering mechanism for the multi-hop relay in vehicular communication. In the proposed mechanism, the cluster-head selection is implemented using the enhanced hybrid wireless mesh protocol (E-HWMP) protocol, which is based on the IEEE802.11p and IEEE802.11s standards. Then, multi-hop routing is designed for VANET in Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs). Therefore, the main aim of this study is to enhance the integration of VANET with a cellular network (i.e., LTE). As a result, the coverage can be extended. The proposed E-HWMP mechanism is evaluated by the NS2 simulator, and the VanetMobiSim is used as a mobility generator. The proposed E-HWMP mechanism is compared to the existing mechanism based on the packet's delivery ratio, packet loss, throughput, overhead, and average end-to-end delay. The results demonstrate that the proposed E-HWMP mechanism outperforms the existing clustering mechanism.
Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET); HWMP; Gateway selection; LTE; NS-2; 35
1 Introduction
Recently, vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) has
attracted the attention of academia as well as industries
due to its promising applications. VANET is categorized
based on vehicles’ locations and their speeds and is
classified into two major categories namely,
Vehicle-toVehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I)
communication [
1
].
VANET is a dynamic network topology which
consists of high-speed vehicles that moves in a specific
direction. There are many services (e.g., driver aid,
collision alarm, traffic information, and tracking)
provided by VANET in order to improve road safety and
transportation efficiency [
2
]. There are many obstacles
faced by the vehicles’ network such as frequency
interruption of network connectivity and limited coverage
area. As a result, to meet the road-side safety,
transportation communication efficiency, and the demands for
the various entertainment applications for vehicles, the
selection of the appropriate protocol is strongly
recommended. Our paper addresses the above identified
issues by the following key contributions:
1) Design a new clustering mechanism for the
multihop relay in vehicular communication.
2) The use of E-HWMP protocol to implement the
proposed mechanism.
3) Enhanced vehicular network formulation with
reducing signalling and overhead traffic.
4) Evaluate the proposed scheme under multi-metrics
design parameters for overall throughput.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2
highlights the related works. The proposed mechanism
is designed and discussed in Section 3. Section 4
evaluates the performance of the proposed mechanism. The
paper is concluded in Section 5.
2 Related works
Gateway vehicle selection and management is the
prominent issue in the mechanism of multi-hop relay based
on the Integrated VANET-cellular networks
Heterogeneous Wireless Network. This is due to the
nonsimilarity characteristics in vehicles, which lead to
inability of the gateway to access. To solve this problem, one
of the proposed solutions is to assemble them in groups
(clusters) based on vehicles with similar characteristics
and elect a cluster head (CH) for each group (cluster),
which becomes the gateway node. Vehicle clustering
is promising to resolve this issue, where cluster-head
selection depends only on the geographical location
of vehicles. In consequence, the cluster head of the
cluster does not have the basic standards to manage
the VANET groups, so that it enables them to
connect with the cellular network.
The proposed mechanism stated in [
3
], Simplified
Gateway Selection Scheme (SGSS), enabled vehicles to
connect to the Internet and other mobile services
continuously; it described two types of vehicles: vehicles
within the coverage area had a dual interface and
communicated directly to the UMTS base station
transceiver. UTRAN and vehicles that move along the road
looking for an associate to be used to connect to the
UMTS base station transceiver had a single interface.
Vehicles received different signals from the base station
transceiver. This mechanism showed lower reliability
in terms of availability. In addition, the researcher
did not take into account the propagation delay
between the relay request message and the relay
response message.
A Cluster-based Multi-metric, adaptive mobile
Gateway Management mechanism (CMGM) was presented,
where two kinds of vehicles were described [
4
], namely,
vehic (...truncated)