Evaluation of efficient vehicular ad hoc networks based on a maximum distance routing algorithm
Al-Mayouf et al. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking
Evaluation of efficient vehicular ad hoc networks based on a maximum distance routing algorithm
Yusor Rafid Bahar Al-Mayouf 0
Nor Fadzilah Abdullah 0
Mahamod Ismail 0
Salih M. Al-Qaraawi 2
Omar Adil Mahdi 1
Suleman Khan 1
0 Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia , 43600 Bangi, Selangor , Malaysia
1 Department of Computer System and Technology, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology Building, University of Malaya , 50603 Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
2 Department of Computer Engineering, University of Technology , Baghdad , Iraq
Traffic management at road intersections is a complex requirement that has been an important topic of research and discussion. Solutions have been primarily focused on using vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). Key issues in VANETs are high mobility, restriction of road setup, frequent topology variations, failed network links, and timely communication of data, which make the routing of packets to a particular destination problematic. To address these issues, a new dependable routing algorithm is proposed, which utilizes a wireless communication system between vehicles in urban vehicular networks. This routing is position-based, known as the maximum distance on-demand routing algorithm (MDORA). It aims to find an optimal route on a hop-by-hop basis based on the maximum distance toward the destination from the sender and sufficient communication lifetime, which guarantee the completion of the data transmission process. Moreover, communication overhead is minimized by finding the next hop and forwarding the packet directly to it without the need to discover the whole route first. A comparison is performed between MDORA and ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) protocol in terms of throughput, packet delivery ratio, delay, and communication overhead. The outcome of the proposed algorithm is better than that of AODV.
Traffic management; VANETs; Mobility; Routing; Communication overhead
1 Introduction
With the evolution of the Internet of things (IoTs), the
vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) has been considered a
crucial topic of research in the area of intelligent
transportation systems (ITSs) [1]. ITSs inform drivers about
unfavorable and dangerous road conditions such as
weather situation, accidents, work zones, and emergencies
(e.g., bushfire, flood) to improve road safety and traffic
management and to provide value-added services while
on the road [2, 3]. Proper information delivery needs an
appropriate routing mechanism. The routing needs to
route precise and updated information about traffic
mobility (e.g., number of vehicles on the road and their
directions and velocities). The collection and provision of this
information can be done through VANETs by using two
kinds of communication technologies, namely
vehicle-tovehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) [4, 5].
By delivering this information timely, better decisions can
be made by drivers and accidents can be avoided.
However, traditional wireless technologies cannot be
directly applied to VANETs because of several inherent
features like high mobility, restriction of road setup, frequent
topology variations, enough energy storage, failed network
links, and timely data communication, which pose a major
challenge in the routing of information [6–10]. To fulfill all
the aforementioned communication requirements, an
efficient routing protocol is required for conducting productive
inter-vehicular communication.
For decades, several routing protocols have been
proposed for vehicular networks [11–13]. The design of these
protocols mainly focuses on the optimal route (shortest)
with minimum hop count. For V2V, outstanding
performance results have been exhibited by position-based routing
as the routes between the source and the destination do
not need to be established and saved, which satisfies the
© The Author(s). 2016 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
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condition of dynamic changes in VANETs [14, 15].
Furthermore, in comparison to other types of routing
protocols, such protocols support scalable networks with
reduced control message overhead [16]. Finally, they are
simple because they apply the global positioning system
(GPS) technology to determine the exact positions of a
vehicle with respect to its longitude and latitude [17].
Therefore, a position-based routing protocol is considered
the best choice for this work. Some protocols [18, 19] face
problems with conflicting no (...truncated)