Global range expansion of pest Lepidoptera requires socially acceptable solutions
Global range expansion of pest Lepidoptera requires socially acceptable solutions
D. M. Suckling M. J. B. Vreysen 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
. D. E. Conlong . J. E. Carpenter . K. A. Bloem . P. Rendon . 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
J. E. Carpenter: Retired 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
formerly USDA-Agricultural Research Service. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0 D. M. Suckling Better Border Biosecurity , Lincoln , New Zealand
1 D. M. Suckling School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
2 D. M. Suckling (&) The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited , PB 4704, Christchurch , New Zealand
3 M. J. B. Vreysen Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Insect Pest Control Laboratory , PO Box 100, Wagramer-strasse 5, 1400 Vienna , Austria
4 P. Rendon 4a. Ave. 12-62, Zona 10, Guatemala City , Guatemala
5 P. Rendon IAEA Technical Cooperation, Latin Ame ́rica (TCLA) , Vienna , Austria
6 K. A. Bloem USDA-APHIS-PPQ-Center for Plant Health Science and Technology , 1730 Varsity Dr., Raleigh, NC 27606 , USA
7 J. E. Carpenter Tifton , GA , USA
8 D. E. Conlong School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3201 , South Africa
9 D. E. Conlong South African Sugarcane Research Institute , 170 Flanders Drive, Mount Edgecombe , South Africa
10 Global range expansion
Caterpillars of key moth pests can cause significant losses in cropping systems worldwide, and globalization is spreading such pests. Failure to control some species can jeopardise the economics of food production. A Global Eradication and Response Database (http://b3.net.nz/gerda) was reviewed on known government-level incursion response programs specific to invasive Lepidoptera. Geographic range expansion of Lepidoptera was evident from 144 incursion response programs targeting 28 species in 10 families. The countries involved in responses to Lepidoptera were USA (104), Australia (8), Canada (7), New Zealand (6), Italy (3), Mexico (2), with the remainder with one programme each (Brazil, Czech Republic, France, Hungary, and Spain). Most programs have been undertaken since the 1990's. Control options exist for the long-term management of Lepidoptera, but most have issues of cost, efficacy or non-target impacts that reduce their acceptance. Pheromone-based technologies are increasingly available and are generally highly compatible with other tactics. The development of tactics for new targets is a major undertaking, although previous programs can be invaluable. New and improved
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socially-acceptable technologies are needed to
counteract range expansion in Lepidoptera, and usually
need to be used in combinations to achieve
eradication. The sterile insect technique, which involves
mass-rearing and release of sterile insects to reduce
wild populations of the pest, has been used
successfully against a number of lepidopteran species. Several
sterile moth programs are under development. New
technologies must have a social license to operate in
urban areas, where new incursions are frequently
detected. This factor is likely to reduce tactical
flexibility and increase the complexity of insect
eradication.
In the past decade, numerous invasive insect pest
species have emerged and continue to emerge as a
threat to food production and ecosystem health as a
consequence of global trade and climate change
(Levine and D’Antonio 2003; Liebhold et al. 2016).
Lepidoptera include key insect pests that require
control to avoid significant losses in many cropping
systems in temperate, sub-tropical and tropical regions
of the world (Vreysen et al. 2016). Failure to control
these species can have serious consequences for the
economics of production, including failure of the crop
worldwide (Vreysen et al. 2007). Like other arthropod
pests, many Lepidoptera are undergoing geographical
range expansion (Lopez-Vaamonde et al. 2010). Some
pests, such as diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella
L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) have already become
ubiquitous global pests. Many moth pests are still
undergoing geographic range expansion. A recent
European review reported that 97 non-native
Lepidoptera species in 20 families have established so far
in Europe and 88 European species in 25 families have
expanded their range within Europe, with 74%
established during the 20th century (Lopez-Vaamonde
et al. 2010). As part of a project identifying factors
affecting outcomes from arthropod eradication efforts
(Liebhold et al. 2016; Tobin et al. 2014), a global
eradication database called ‘‘GERDA’’ (Kean et al.
2016) has recorded 28 lepidopteran species that were
the target of 144 known government-led incursion
responses (Table 1; Fig. 1), with effort spread across
12 moth families, dominated by the Lymantriinae and
Tortricidae. The data, scope and definitions used in the
database are available (www.b3nz.org/gerda),
reviewed here for Lepidoptera. Government-led
incursion response programs, usually (...truncated)