Soybean aphid, Aphis glycines (Hemiptera: Aphididae), developmental and reproductive capacity on white clover, Trifolium repens (Rosales: Leguminosae), in northeast China
Soybean aphid, Aphis glycines (Hemiptera: Aphididae), developmental and reproductive capacity on white clover, Trifolium repens (Rosales: Leguminosae), in northeast China
Xiaohui Chen 0 1
Yanjie Fan 0 1
Wei Zhang 0 1
Zhenqi Tian 0 1
Jian Liu 0 1
Kuijun Zhao 0 1
0 Department of Statistics, College of Mathematical Science, Harbin Normal University , Harbin 150025 , China
1 Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin 150030 , China
Nymphs of Aphis glycines Matsumura were individually reared to adults in the laboratory on detached leaf discs of Trifolium repens L. (white clover) mounted on agar medium. Adults of A. glycines were fed T. repens within small clip cages in the field. Development, reproduction and intrinsic rates of increase of A. glycines were studied. These data were compared to those of controls fed known host plants including cultivated soybean Glycine max (L.) Merr. and the wild soybean species Glycine soja Sieb & Zucc. The results demonstrated that nymphs of A. glycines successfully developed into adults and reproduced efficiently when reared on T. repens in the laboratory. The lower development temperature threshold for nymphs fed T. repens was estimated as 8.27 °C, and the effective cumulative temperature for A. glycines development from nymph to adult was 90.91 degree-days. Adults of A. glycines could also survive on T. repens in the field, but only a few nymphs were produced.
Soybean aphid; White clover; Clip cage
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The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, is an insect
pest commonly found on soybeans in Asia. In 2000, A.
glycines became established in North America (Ragsdale
et al. 2004, 2011). By 2003, this pest had infested over 21
America states and three Canadian provinces (Venette and
Ragsdale 2004). Soybean aphids can cause direct damage
to plants by sucking fluids from leaves and stems (Liu and
Zhao 2007; Wu et al. 2004). Additionally, they are also
capable of transmitting a variety of plant viruses (Davis
et al. 2005; Mueller and Grau 2007).
Secondary hosts of A. glycines include cultivated
soybean Glycine max (L.) Merr., and the wild soybean
species Glycine soja Sieb & Zucc (Wang et al. 1962). It was
determined that the aphid could likely utilize horsenettle,
Solanum carolinense L. (Clark et al. 2006), and Japanese
Metaplexis, Metaplexis japonica (Thunb.) Makino (Chen
et al. 2015) as hosts. Results from a previous study showed
that Trifolium repens L. was a poor host for soybean aphid
(Hill et al. 2004). A later study showed that clover variety
significantly affected aphid density, and A. glycines could
achieve highest population growth on Ladino, a variety of
white clover (Swenson et al. 2014).
T. repens is a common legume in natural landscapes and
cultivated fields and has a wide distribution in northeast
China. In this latter region, it is still questionable whether
A. glycines can utilize T. repens as a host. Understanding
the role of this widely distributed plant as a host for A.
glycines is important for the effective management of this
insect in northeast China.
In the current study, nymphs of A. glycines were
individually reared to adults on detached leaves of T.
repens in the laboratory. Adults of A. glycines were fed
T. repens in the field while contained in small clip cages.
Development, reproduction, and intrinsic rates of increase
of A. glycines were studied. These data were compared to
those of controls fed the species’ known hosts G. max and
G. soja.
Materials and methods
Aphid source and host plants
Soybean aphids were taken from a soybean field at the
Xiangfang Experiment Station, Northeast Agricultural
University (NEAU), Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, northeast
China (126.75°E, 45.72°N). The colony was maintained on
G. max (variety Heinong 51) in an environmental chamber
at 25 ± 1 °C, 70 ± 5% relative humidity (RH), and a
photoperiod of 14:10 h (light:dark; L:D) with artificial light of
12,000 lx. G. max was grown in a chamber at 28 ± 1 °C
with six to ten seeds per pot in 10 × 10-cm
(diameter × height) plastic pots under the same humidity and
photoperiod as described above. Seedlings 15–20 cm tall at the
V2 growth stage (Fehr and Caviness 1977) were used for
experiments. T. repens (variety Rivendel), were collected
from a lawn in NEAU (126.75°E, 45.72°N) and were
transplanted into a 50-m2 experiment plot. These plants were
used for experiments when they were at a vegetative or
generative growth phase. Seeds of G. soja were collected
from a field near Limin, Harbin (126.61°E, 45.87°N) and
were planted in the same plot. These plants were allowed
4–5 weeks to germinate and mature before being used for
experiments.
Development of nymphs
About 200 apterous adult aphids were transferred from
the stock colony onto ten pots of soybean plants
(approximately 20 aphids per pot). The plants were placed in an
environmental chamber at 25 ± 1 °C, 70 ± 5% RH and a
14:10-h (L:D) photoperiod for a 24-h reproduct (...truncated)