Plant genetic engineering and biotechnology: a sustainable solution for future food security and industry
Plant genetic engineering and biotechnology: a sustainable solution for future food security and industry
Bo Ouyang 0 1 2
Xiaofeng Gu 0 1 2
Paul Holford 0 1 2
0 School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University , Penrith, NSW 2751 , Australia
1 Biotechnology Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100081 , China
2 College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070 , China
3 Paul Holford
Genetic engineering and biotechnology are becoming widely used in crop improvement and have provided a means by which increased yields of food and fiber can be produced in an environmentally sustainable manner. In addition, these techniques have allowed us to gain great insights into the networks of genes that result in the production of various bioproducts that can be beneficial for human health and environment. The past 5 years have witnessed substantial breakthroughs in plant genetic engineering and biotechnology. In addition to the manipulation of protein coding genes, microRNAs have proved to be promising targets in crop improvement, and the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-associated endonuclease 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) system has emerged like a radiant sunrise, and has greatly facilitated the targeted modification of specific traits. Reverse breeding technologies are also providing a means of accelerating breeding, allowing new cultivars to be produced to combat the Vol.:(011233456789)
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challenges associated with a changing climate. This special
issue focuses on plant genetic improvement, especially on
the tolerance of plants to stress.
Three review papers are included in this special issue.
Gerszberg and Hnatuszko-Konka (2017)
present an
excellent review of the genetic engineering of abiotic stress
in tomato. Being adversely affected by various abiotic
stresses, tomato provides an excellent research model for
the study of these stress tolerance in fleshy fruits. Much
effort has been made using genetic engineering to
understand stress-related gene expression in tomato, and as such,
deserves a comprehensive review. Unlike other reviews
that divide this topic into different types of stress, this
review focuses on the molecular players involved in stress
responses. The review briefly introduces the physiological
basis of abiotic stress tolerance in plants then details the
approaches to genetic engineering and the achievements in
understanding and improving stress tolerance. The review
includes: (1) the genetic regulation of various metabolites,
including mannitol, glycine betaine, glutathione,
unsaturated fatty acids, osmotine, polyamines, and trehalose; (2)
the regulation of genes associated with hormone pathways
(e.g. ethylene), water channels (e.g. aquaporin) and ion
transport; (3) the manipulation of heat shock proteins; (4)
the regulation of enzymes in antioxidant systems, such as
oxidoreductase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and
superoxide dismutase; and (5) the genetic transformation of
regulatory genes (e.g. transcription factors and kinases)
and other components of signaling systems (e.g. systemin,
expansin, and late embryogenesis abundant protein).This
review is likely to serve as an informative reference for
abiotic stress research in tomato.
Singh et al. (2016
) present a short review of the roles
of cross-talk between microRNA and nitric oxide (NO) in
signaling associated with stress responses. MicroRNAs are
emerging as an essential player in plant stress responses,
while NO signaling has been identified as a new player in
these processes. To help readers to overview of the
contents, the authors present three models in the review that
illustrate the signaling pathways involved in
drought/coldinduced, NO-miRNA mediated gene expression and the
dual but opposite regulation of miR398 under oxidative
stress or copper deprivation.
Savadi et al. (2016
) summarize the genetic approaches
used in the improvement of plant oil content. Vegetable
oils are important for human diets and as a raw material
in industrial applications and, more recently, have become
significant as biofuels. Hundreds of genes are involved in
the enzymatic and regulatory pathways controlling lipid
metabolism; therefore, the genetic manipulation of oil
content is a complex process. Nevertheless, various approaches
have been applied to enhance oil content, including
manipulation of triacylglycerol/fatty acids (TAG/FA) synthesis,
modulation of carbon flux towards TAG/FA biosynthesis,
the alteration of transcription factors, the manipulation of
oil bodies, the extension of the duration of oil
biosynthesis, the introduction of a novel TAG synthesis pathway,
the reduction of breaking down the stored lipids,
increasing sink size for oil accumulation, and pyramiding multiple
genes in oil content regulation. The information is clearly
integrated in to a few figures and the genes are listed in
detail by a table.
This special issu (...truncated)