Differential metabolic profiles associated to movement behaviour of stream-resident brown trout (Salmo trutta)
July
Differential metabolic profiles associated to movement behaviour of stream-resident brown trout (Salmo trutta)
Neus Oromi 0 1
Mariona Jove 1
Mariona Pascual-Pons 1
Jose Luis Royo 1
Rafel Rocaspana 1
Enric Aparicio 1
Reinald Pamplona 1
Antoni Palau 1
Delfi Sanuy 0 1
Joan Fibla 1
Manuel Portero-Otin 1
0 Animal Science Department, ETSEA, University of Lleida , Lleida, Catalonia , Spain , 2 Institute of Biomedical Research of Lleida (IRBLleida), University of Lleida , Lleida , Spain , 3 Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Malaga , M aÂlaga, Spain, 4 Gesna Estudis Ambientals, S. L., Linyola, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain, 5 GRECO , Institute of Aquatic Ecology, University of Girona , Catalonia , Spain , 6 Environment and Soil Sciences Department, ETSEA, University of Lleida , Lleida , Spain
1 Editor: Tzong-Yueh Chen, National Cheng Kung University , TAIWAN
The mechanisms that can contribute in the fish movement strategies and the associated behaviour can be complex and related to the physiology, genetic and ecology of each species. In the case of the brown trout (Salmo trutta), in recent research works, individual differences in mobility have been observed in a population living in a high mountain river reach (Pyrenees, NE Spain). The population is mostly sedentary but a small percentage of individuals exhibit a mobile behavior, mainly upstream movements. Metabolomics can reflect changes in the physiological process and can determine different profiles depending on behaviour. Here, a non-targeted metabolomics approach was used to find possible changes in the blood metabolomic profile of S. trutta related to its movement behaviour, using a minimally invasive sampling. Results showed a differentiation in the metabolomic profiles of the trouts and different level concentrations of some metabolites (e.g. cortisol) according to the home range classification (pattern of movements: sedentary or mobile). The change in metabolomic profiles can generally occur during the upstream movement and probably reflects the changes in metabolite profile from the non-mobile season to mobile season. This study reveals the contribution of the metabolomic analyses to better understand the behaviour of organisms.
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Data Availability Statement: All relevant data are
within the paper and its Supporting Information
files.
Funding: This study has been supported and
financed by the Biodiversity Conservation Plan of
ENDESA, S.A. (ENEL Group). Gesna Estudis
Ambientals, SL provided support in the form of
salaries for RR. The funders had no role in study
design, data collection and analysis, decision to
publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Introduction
Migration phenomenon allows the distribution of animals across space and time and is basic
to understand the ecological and evolutionary processes. Migratory strategies vary between
and within species, and a common form of migration is known as partial migration [
1
]. This
occurs when just a fraction of individuals from a population migrate while the others remain
residents [
1,2
]. Partial migration is well documented in fishes, especially in salmonids [2], but
salmonids exhibit large differences in behaviour between populations of the same species, as
well as within populations, and even among siblings [
3,4
]. The mechanisms that can explain
the mobile behaviour are complex, playing the life-history type an important role on
development and behaviour [5].
Some salmonids migrate from the sea to the rivers (anadromy) or along the same river
(potamodromy) depending on the species and the access to their target [
3,6
]. In the case of
brown trout, it shows a great plasticity in its migratory behaviour and exhibits different life
history tactics [7]. For example, inhabiting in temperate coastal streams, or streams connected to
larger lakes (lentic environments) generally migrate, while many inland populations do [
7
].
Recent studies using mark-recapture methods and telemetry have shown that most salmonids
are relatively sedentary, including the brown trout, with a limited movement associated with
spatial competition [8±10]. In a population of S. trutta was shown that a high proportion of
trouts remained in the same part of a river reach 800 m length (acting as its home range)
during the whole year [
8
]. Upstream movements, around only 100 m, were also reported by
HoÈjesjoÈ et al. [
9
] in S. trutta in a Swedish river. However, little is known about the pattern of
movements in the brown trout of the Mediterranean region, where all the populations are
stream-resident. Some data from upper Pyrenean streams [
11
] showed a 60±80% of recaptured
fish within 100 m of the sites where were originality marked, and only a 2±6% of individuals
with maximum displacement distance over 500 m. Vera et al. [
12
] also working in a Pyrenean
river of north-eastern Spain, showed similar conclusions. These results are consistent with the
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