Pickling of chanterelle Cantharellus cibarius mushrooms highly reduce cadmium contamination
Pickling of chanterelle Cantharellus cibarius mushrooms highly reduce cadmium contamination
Małgorzata Drewnowska 0 1 2
Anetta Hanć 0 1 2
Danuta Barałkiewicz 0 1 2
Jerzy Falandysz 0 1 2
0 Laboratory of Trace Element Analysis by Spectroscopy Method, Adam Mickiewicz University , Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznań, PL , Poland
1 Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Gdańsk University , 63 Wita Stwosza Str, 80-308 Gdańsk , Poland
2 Responsible editor: Elena Maestri
3 Jerzy Falandysz
Mushrooms are considered as potential bioremediation agents in soil polluted with heavy metals, while many species which efficiently accumulate them in flesh are edible. Question is if there is any possible culinary use of edible mushrooms with high heavy metal contents? This study aimed to investigate and discuss a fate of cadmium (Cd) in common household-treated fruitbodies of common chanterelle Cantharellus cibarius. The samples of Cantharellus cibarius Fr. were collected from five spatially distanced sites in Poland in 2011-2012. We examined from 267 to 358 fruiting bodies per collection, and in total 1565 fruiting bodies were used. Cadmium in fungal materials from all treatments and processes (mushrooms dried, deep frozen, blanched and pickled) was determined using validated methods by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with dynamic reaction cell. Blanching of fresh chanterelles caused decrease of Cd by around 11 ± 7 to 36 ± 7%, while blanching of deepfrozen mushrooms by around 40 ± 6%. A rate of Cd decrease in chanterelles was similar when the fruiting bodies were blanched for 5 or 15 min and when used was potable or deionized water. Pickling of blanched chanterelles with a diluted vinegar marinade had a pronounced effect on further removal of Cd. Blanched chanterelles when pickled lost an extra 3771% of Cd. Total leaching rate of Cd from fresh or deepfrozen fruitbodies of chanterelle when blanched and further pickled was between 77 ± 7 and 91 ± 4%. Blanching and pickling highly decreased content of Cd in C. cibarius.
Heavy metals; Mushroom; Food technology; Environmental pollution; Risk assessment
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Different species of mushrooms (basidiomycetes) from the
wild and cultivated due to specificities in their physiology
and/or an element abundance in a substrate may accumulate
at elevated concentrations or hyper-accumulate (high values
of bio-concentration factor) in fruitbodies the toxic elements,
e.g. Ag, Cd, Hg, Pb or As (
Borovička et al. 2007
; Falandysz
2017; Falandysz and Rizal, 2016;
Falandysz et al. 1994
;
Mleczek et al. 2015b). Also Cu and Zn, which are essential
bio-elements, can be well bio-concentrated by mushrooms in
fruitbodies
(Kojta et al. 2016)
. For a mushroom enriched
with a heavy metal, an option can be culinary use in aims
to decrease contamination if fulfilled are the health safety
conditions.
Accumulation or hyper-accumulation of a heavy metal by
the mushroom may imply on possible usefulness of a species
in mycoremediation technology of polluted soils. In context of
mycoremediation, Agaricus urinascens (former name
Agaricus macrosporus) and Coprinus comatus were
suggested as possible candidates due to their capacity for
bioconcentration of Cd, Cu, Hg and Pb
(Cen et al. 2012;
Falandysz 2016; García et al. 2005)
. An ability of a given
species of mushroom to absorb by mycelium an element from
a soil substrate and accumulate it in fruitbodies can be
enhanced by an external application of a chelating agent (Cen
et al. 2012). So far is unknown any example of a molecular
modification aiming to increase efficiency of heavy metal
absorption and sequestration in fruitbody by modification of a
gene encoding the transporter or binding molecules. The
metallothionein-like ligands were identified for Ag, Cd or
Cu in some mushrooms by
Münger and Lerch (1985)
and
Osobová et al. (2011)
. As a binding agent of Cd in Agaricus
urinascens (former name Agaricus macrosporus),
mycophosphatin was identified—a sulphur-free,
nonmetallothionein-like ligand
(Schmitt and Meisch, 1985)
.
The question arise if there is any possible culinary use of
edible mushrooms with high heavy metal content in flesh, e.g.
species-specific accumulators, foraged in areas with
geochemical anomaly, affected by anthropogenic emissions or
harvested from the mycoremediation process? For example, the
mushroom Suillus variegatus (common name variegated
bolete) under a typical environmental condition can accumulate
Fe in fruitbodies at up to 0.41% dry biomass
(Falandysz et al.
2001)
. A scale of an enrichment that could be attractive for
recovery of any noble or rare earth element but certainly not of
Fe that is too common.
Cadmium apart from the Ag, Hg or Pb can be well
accumulated and high in certain species of mushrooms that are
grown in backgrounds
(Árvay et al. 2014; Brzezicha–
Cirocka et al. 2016; Falandysz et al. 2003, 2007a, b and
2017b; García et al. 2009; Kojta et al. 2016; Melgar et al.
1998 and 201 (...truncated)