Photodynamic Effect of Ni Nanotubes on an HeLa Cell Line
March
Photodynamic Effect of Ni Nanotubes on an HeLa Cell Line
Muhammad Hammad Aziz 0 1
M. Fakhar-e-Alam 1 2
Mahvish Fatima 1
Fozia Shaheen 1
Seemab Iqbal 1 2
M. Atif 1
Muhammad Talha 1
Syed Mansoor Ali 1
Muhammad Afzal 1
Abdul Majid 0 1
Thamir Shelih Al.Harbi 0 1
Muhammad Ismail 1
Zhiming M. Wang 1
M. S. AlSalhi 1
Z. A. Alahmed 1
0 Department of Physics, College of Science in Zulfi, Majmaah University , Zulfi , Saudi Arabia , 2 Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information and Technology , Lahore , Pakistan , 3 Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Science, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , 610054 Chengdu , China
1 Editor: Michael Hamblin, Massachusetts General Hospital , UNITED STATES
2 Department of Physics, GC University Faisalabad, Pakistan, 5 Department of Physics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan, 6 Department of Physics, GC University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan, 7 Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia , 8 National Institute of Laser and Optronics , Nilore, Islamabad , Pakistan , 9 Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University , Riyadh 11421 , Saudi Arabia , 10 Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering (IBGE) , 24 Mauve Area, G-9/1, Islamabad , Pakistan
Nickel nanomaterials are promising in the biomedical field, especially in cancer diagnostics and targeted therapy, due to their distinctive chemical and physical properties. In this experiment, the toxicity of nickel nanotubes (Ni NTs) were tested in an in vitro cervical cancer model (HeLa cell line) to optimize the parameters of photodynamic therapy (PDT) for their greatest effectiveness. Ni NTs were synthesized by electrodeposition. Morphological analysis and magnetic behavior were examined using a Scanning electron microscope (SEM), an energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) and a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) analysis. Phototoxic and cytotoxic effects of nanomaterials were studied using the Ni NTs alone as well as in conjugation with aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA); this was performed both in the dark and under laser exposure. Toxic effects on the HeLa cell model were evaluated by a neutral red assay (NRA) and by detection of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Furthermore, 10-200 nM of Ni NTs was prepared in solution form and applied to HeLa cells in 96-well plates. Maximum toxicity of Ni NTs complexed with 5-ALA was observed at 100 J/cm2 and 200 nM. Up to 65-68% loss in cell viability was observed. Statistical analysis was performed on the experimental results to confirm the worth and clarity of results, with p-values = 0.003 and 0.000, respectively. Current results pave the way for a more rational strategy to overcome the problem of drug bioavailability in nanoparticulate targeted cancer therapy, which plays a dynamic role in clinical practice.
-
OPEN ACCESS
Data Availability Statement: All relevant data are
within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: The authors acknowledge the support from
Deanship of Scientific Research, Majmaah University
under project No. 37-1-3.
Competing Interests: The authors have declared
that no competing interests exist.
1. Introduction
Astonishing, nanotechnology has moved the nano world with its magnificent physiochemical
characteristics. It has affected a multitude of areas, including science, technology, energy
production, aerospace, electronics, engineering, environmental remediation and medical health
care. Currently, nickel nanomaterials have received the most attention in the health and
medical fields because of their potential impact on the environment and human health. The ability
of nanomaterials to penetrate basic biological structures, such as cellular organelles and cells,
mostly depends on the suitable size of the nanomaterials [
1–3
]. The size, chemical composition
and shape play vital roles in nanomaterial toxicity [
2
]. It has been reported that nanomaterials
are more toxic than bulk materials [
2–3
]. Nickel nanomaterials have many unique properties,
such as high stability and catalytic activity. However, their adverse effects on the environment
and human health have also been investigated [
4–7
].
It has been reported that nickel nanowires (NWs) induce apoptotic cell death due to ROS
generation and flow cytometric cell cycle arrest. Moreover, nanomaterials such as ferromagnetic
nanowires induce tumor cell death; thus, they may have an application as an anticancer agent [
8–
9
]. The internalization of nickel nanowires by osteoblastic osteosarcoma cells (UMR-106) and
mouse osteoblastic cells (MC3T3-El) indicated that they could be used for variety of biological
applications [9]. The International Agency of Research on Cancer has classified Ni compounds as
carcinogenic to humans (group 1) and metallic Ni as possibly carcinogenic to humans (group
2B). ROS play a dynamic role in the apoptotic pathway [
(...truncated)