Resistance of aerobic microorganisms and soil enzyme response to soil contamination with Ekodiesel Ultra fuel
Environ Sci Pollut Res
Resistance of aerobic microorganisms and soil enzyme response to soil contamination with Ekodiesel Ultra fuel
Agata Borowik 0 1 2 4 5
Jadwiga Wyszkowska 0 1 2 4 5
Miros?aw Wyszkowski 0 1 2 4 5
0 Department of Environmental Chemistry, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn , Plac ?o?dzki 4, 10-727 Olsztyn , Poland
1 Department of Microbiology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn , Plac ?o?dzki 3, 10-727 Olsztyn , Poland
2 Responsible editor: Robert Duran
3 Jadwiga Wyszkowska
4 Miros?aw Wyszkowski
5 Agata Borowik
This study determined the susceptibility of cultured soil microorganisms to the effects of Ekodiesel Ultra fuel (DO), to the enzymatic activity of soil and to soil contamination with PAHs. Studies into the effects of any type of oil products on reactions taking place in soil are necessary as particular fuels not only differ in the chemical composition of oil products but also in the composition of various fuel improvers and antimicrobial fuel additives. The subjects of the study included loamy sand and sandy loam which, in their natural state, have been classified into the soil subtype 3.1.1 Endocalcaric Cambisols. The soil was contaminated with the DO in amounts of 0, 5 and 10 cm3 kg?1. Differences were noted in the resistance of particular groups or genera of microorganisms to DO contamination in loamy sand (LS) and sandy loam (SL). In loamy sand and sandy loam, the most resistant microorganisms were oligotrophic spore-forming bacteria. The resistance of microorganisms to DO contamination was greater in LS than in SL. It decreased with the duration of exposure of microorganisms to the effects of DO. The factor of impact (IFDO) on the activity of particular enzymes varied. For dehydrogenases, urease, arylsulphatase and ?-glucosidase, it had negative values, while for catalase, it had positive values and was close to 0 for acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase. However, in both soils, the noted index of biochemical activity of soil (BA) decreased with the increase in DO contamination. In addition, a positive correlation occurred between the degree of soil contamination and its PAH content.
Microbiota; Enzymatic activity; PAHs; Oil products; Degradation; Soil stability
Introduction
Progressive industrialisation and urbanisation contribute to
the degradation of ever increasing areas, which leads to a
reduction in biological diversity
(Global Environment
Outlook 2012)
. A significant role in the degradation of natural
environments is performed by persistent organic pollutants,
including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(Angello et al.
2016)
. The European Commission, the European Economic
and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions
(COM 2006)
pay close attention to polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs) as compounds resulting in soil
degradation.
The hazards to the soil environment and to human health
are not only posed by exhaust emissions from diesel engines,
including inter alia PAHs, but also by point contamination of
soils with oil products due to failures, accidents, spills during
reloading, etc.
(Park and Park 2011; Zi??kowska and
Wyszkowski 2010)
. The response of microorganisms and soil
enzymes to the effects of particular oil products should be
determined individually for particular types and brands of
these products
(Adam et al. 2017; Niepceron et al. 2013)
.
Not only do they differ in the natural chemical composition
but also in the content of improvers, which offer
anti-corrosive, cidal, demulsifying, and anti-foam properties and may
modify the effects of particular oil products on the quality of
soil
(Comber et al. 2016; Ramkumar and Kirubakaran 2016)
.
Therefore, a proper assessment of risks to soils contaminated
with various hydrocarbons is necessary in order to understand
and manage such ecosystems (Pinedo et al. 2012).
Furthermore, identifying the metabolic response of soils to
particular types of contaminants may facilitate their
biotechnological remediation.
Many soil microorganisms are actively involved in
restoring the biological balance of soils contaminated with oil
products (Table 1). As for bacteria, the following genera are
dominant: Bacillus
(Bento et al. 2005; Fatima et al. 2015)
,
Pseudomonas (Fatima et al. 2015), Staphylococcus
(Moscoso et al. 2012; Silva et al. 2015)
, Acinetobacter
(Chang et al. 2011; Mnif et al. 2015)
and Paenibacillus
(Lipi?ska et al. 2015), while as regards fungi, the following
genera predominate: Aspergillus
(Diaz-Ramirez et al. 2013;
El-Hanafy et al. 2017)
and Candida
(Fan et al. 2014; Silva
et al. 2015)
. These products can also be removed from soil by,
inter alia, biostimulation of autochthonous microorganisms
(Adam et al. 2017; Fan et al. 2014)
, bioaugmentation
(Chang et al. 2011; Fan et al. 2014; Galiulin and Galiulina
2015; Semrany et al. 2012)
, phytoremediation
(Agnello
et al. 2016; Sivitskaya and Wyszkowski 2013; Soleimani
et al. 2010)
and electro-biorem (...truncated)