A Rising Pandemic of Sexual Violence in Elementary and Secondary Schools: Locating a Secret Problem
A RISING PANDEMIC OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOLS: LOCATING A SECRET PROBLEM
NAN STEIN 0
0 Nan Stein is a senior research scientist at the Center for Research on Women, part of the Wellesley Centers for Women at Wellesley College. She would like to thank Janet Meghan Ditzer and Hao M. Nguyen for their help with footnotes and research. 1. See Tonya Weathersbee, Disturbing Butler Incident Raises Many Big Questions , F
This article posits that over the course of the last few decades incidents of sexual harassment in K-12 schools have been occurring at younger and younger ages and have become more sexually violent. Despite the paucity of survey data from elementary and middle school students and the general difficulty of acquiring data on sexual violence in schools, this article documents both of those assertions using ethnographic data, narratives acquired from lawsuits and reports in the media. Sexual violence in schools, which often gets named as something else, frequently is not reported to law enforcement or school officials; when it is surveyed, it is not disaggregated from incidents of physical violence, so these incidents of sexual violence are often classified as “physical violence.” Moreover, data on violence and coercion in teen relationships (sometimes called “teen dating violence” or “intimate partner violence”) outside of school is also considered as indicative of the increase in teen sexual violence. Despite this documented rise of sexual harassment and sexual violence in schools, the popular and more palatable term “bullying” is often used instead to describe these sexually violent incidents. Whether used innocently or as shorthand, when school officials call these sexual violent events “bullying,” the violent and illegal (either under civil law or under criminal law) nature of these incidents is obscured and the school's responsibility and potential liability is deflected.
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34 DUKE JOURNAL OF GENDER LAW & POLICY
bolted the door from the inside (it was one of those individual bathrooms that
are usually not available to students and are supposed to be locked at all times
unless under the supervision of an adult).4 For the next thirty minutes, she was
raped by one boy and forced to perform oral sex on the three others.5 Her
assailants were twelve, thirteen and fourteen years old, and her sexual assault
happened during the school day.6
A. This is Not an Anomaly
Sexual assaults in schools can be found all over the country. For example,
in February 2004, a ten-year-old girl in a Broward County, Florida school
bathroom was raped.7 In the past two school years, 11 sexual batteries, 113 sexual
offenses and 67 cases of sexual harassment were reported in Broward County
public elementary schools.8 Many more incidents occurred at higher grade
levels, for a total of 40 sexual batteries.9
Additionally, in December 2004 at the Benjamin Franklin Middle School in
San Francisco, a group of four twelve and thirteen-year-old boys accosted a
twelve-year-old girl, dragging her into a locker room and demanding oral sex
while restraining her.10 The boys tried to remove her clothing.11 A tally of sexual
assault incidents in the first five months of the 2003-2004 school year, conducted
by the San Francisco School District, showed twenty-five incidents: two took
place at elementary schools, seventeen at middle schools, and six at high
schools.12 A comparative time period from the 2002-03 school year found a total
of six incidents across the School District.13
While the preponderance of sexual assaults victimize girls (in fact,
threefourths of victims of juvenile sexual assault are female),14 young boys are also
targeted. In Louisiana, a five-year-old boy went to the bathroom in the
company of three other male kindergarten students.15 While in the restroom, the
three boys sexually assaulted the one child by pulling down his pants,
attempted anal intercourse with him and forced him to perform sexually explicit
oral behavior with them.16 In another bathroom episode, in the Minneapolis,
Minnesota public schools, a six-year-old boy was allegedly sexually assaulted in
the bathroom by three boys ages 10-12.17
B. Limited Information from Surveys
Survey data on the prevalence of sexual violence in elementary and middle
schools (children younger than twelve years old) is difficult to obtain and has
not been consistently collected, disaggregated or reported. Researchers lack a
complete picture of the violence that children experience including whether that
violence is experienced at home, in the streets, in public spaces, or at school.
The paucity and the inconsistent collection of information among students in
this age group is largely due to resistance from parents who forbid researchers
from gathering data from children about childhood (sexual) victimization.
Only recently has self-reported data from children younger than twelve
years old been collected. Since its origin in 1929, the FBI’s Unifo (...truncated)