Effects of coronatine elicitation on growth and metabolic profiles of Lemna paucicostata culture
November
Effects of coronatine elicitation on growth and metabolic profiles of Lemna paucicostata culture
Jin-Young Kim☯ 0 1
Hye-Youn Kim☯ 0 1
Jun-Yeong Jeon 0 1
Dong-Min Kim 0 1
Yaoyao Zhou 0 1
Jae Soung Lee 0 1
Heayyean Lee 0 1
Hyung-Kyoon Choi 0 1
☯ These authors contributed equally to this work. 0 1
0 1
0 College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
1 Editor: Andrea Motta, National Research Council of Italy , ITALY
In this study, the effects of coronatine treatment on the growth, comprehensive metabolic profiles, and productivity of bioactive compounds, including phenolics and phytosterols, in whole plant cultures of Lemna paucicostata were investigated using gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS) coupled with multivariate statistical analysis. To determine the optimal timing of coronatine elicitation, coronatine was added on days 0, 23, and 28 after inoculation. The total growth of L. paucicostata was not significantly different between the coronatine treated groups and the control. The coronatine treatment in L. paucicostata induced increases in the content of hydroxycinnamic acids, such as caffeic acid, isoferulic acid, ρ-coumaric acid, sinapic acid, and phytosterols, such as campesterol and β-sitosterol. The productivity of these useful metabolites was highest when coronatine was added on day 0 and harvested on day 32. These results suggest that coronatine treatment on day 0 activates the phenolic and phytosterol biosynthetic pathways in L. paucicostata to a greater extent than in the control. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to investigate the effects of coronatine on the alteration of metabolism in L. paucicostata based on GCMS profiling. The results of this research provide a foundation for designing strategies for enhanced production of useful metabolites for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries by cultivation of L. paucicostata.
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Data Availability Statement: All relevant data are
within the paper.
Funding: This work was supported by the Basic
Core Technology Development Program for the
Oceans and the Polar Regions of the National
Research Foundation (NRF) funded by the Ministry
of Science, ICT & Future Planning (No.
NRF2016M1A5A1027464) and by the Chung-Ang
University Graduate Research Scholarship in 2017.
Competing interests: The authors have declared
that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Lemna paucicostata (commonly known as duckweed) is a free-floating aquatic plant, which
belongs to the Araceae family, and it is commonly found in ponds or in rice fields [
1,2
].
Because of high protein content, Lemna species are used as a source of livestock and fish feed
[
3
]. Previous studies have reported that duckweed can play a positive role in ecologically and
economically by removing toxic substances such as antimicrobials, boron, and benzotriazoles,
from contaminated water resources [4±6]. It was also reported that metabolic profiling with
Lemna species had been developed to routine use for early characterization of known mode of
action and for the discovery of novel mode of action of various herbicides [
7
]. In addition, L.
paucicostata extract has important pharmacological roles because of its antitumor and
immunomodulatory activities [
2
].
Secondary metabolites present in plants are sources of pharmaceuticals, food components,
flavors, and other industrial materials [
8
]. These metabolites have various functions; for
example, they possess antitumor, antioxidant, and antiinflammatory activities [
9
]. However, neither
the total extraction of these secondary metabolites from natural resources nor their total
chemical synthesis is economically viable because of low productivities, high production cost, and
various environmental factors [
10,11
]. The strategies that have been used to increase the
production of medicinally valuable secondary metabolites include optimization of in vitro culture
conditions, selection of high-producing cell lines, and precursor feeding and
biotransformation [12]. In addition, elicitation in plant cell culture has been recognized as a useful strategy
for enhancement of secondary metabolites [
11,13
]. Elicitation is one of the effective methods
to improve secondary metabolites production in plant cell, tissue, and organ culture.
Elicitation can be defined as induction of increased productions of secondary metabolites such as
antibiotics by biotic (glucan polymers, glycoproteins, fungal cell wall materials) and abiotic
(ultraviolet irradiation, heavy metals, and various chemicals) elicitors in plant cell, tissue, and
organ cultures [14].
Coronatine, produced by pathovars of plant bacteria Pseudomonas syringae, is a
molecular mimic of the isoleucine-combined form of jasmonic acid, which is a plant growth
regulator and an elicitor that induces secondary metabolites in plants [
15
]. A previous study
reported that coronatine was more effective in increasing flavonoid pr (...truncated)