Propionibacterium spp.—source of propionic acid, vitamin B12, and other metabolites important for the industry
Propionibacterium spp.-source of propionic acid, vitamin B12, and other metabolites important for the industry
Kamil Piwowarek 0 1 2
Edyta Lipińska 0 1 2
Elżbieta Hać-Szymańczuk 0 1 2
Marek Kieliszek 0 1 2
Iwona Ścibisz 0 1 2
0 Department of Food Technology, Division of Fruit and Vegetable Technology, Faculty of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW) , Nowoursynowska 159c Street, 02-776 Warsaw , Poland
1 Department of Biotechnology , Microbiology and Food Evaluation , Division of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences SGGW (WULS-SGGW) , Nowoursynowska 159c Street, 02-776 Warsaw , Poland
2 Kamil Piwowarek
Bacteria from the Propionibacterium genus consists of two principal groups: cutaneous and classical. Cutaneous Propionibacterium are considered primary pathogens to humans, whereas classical Propionibacterium are widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Bacteria from the Propionibacterium genus are capable of synthesizing numerous valuable compounds with a wide industrial usage. Biomass of the bacteria from the Propionibacterium genus constitutes sources of vitamins from the B group, including B12, trehalose, and numerous bacteriocins. These bacteria are also capable of synthesizing organic acids such as propionic acid and acetic acid. Because of GRAS status and their health-promoting characteristics, bacteria from the Propionibacterium genus and their metabolites (propionic acid, vitamin B12, and trehalose) are commonly used in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, food, and other industries. They are also used as additives in fodders for livestock. In this review, we present the major species of Propionibacterium and their properties and provide an overview of their functions and applications. This review also presents current literature concerned with the possibilities of using Propionibacterium spp. to obtain valuable metabolites. It also presents the biosynthetic pathways as well as the impact of the genetic and environmental factors on the efficiency of their production.
Propionibacterium; Propionic acid; Vitamin B12; Trehalose; Bacteriocins
Introduction
Till date, numerous studies have been conducted regarding the
use of the bacteria from Propionibacterium genus, which
revealed, among others, that these bacteria are capable of
biosynthesizing valuable metabolites, such as propionic acid,
vitamin B12, bacteriocins, and trehalose. This suggests that
they constitute an important group of microorganisms that are
industrially important in the future. The major advantage of
bacteria from the Propionibacterium genus is that they have
the capacity to grow and synthesize metabolites on substrates
containing different industrial waste products, which
considerably elevates the economic profitability of biotechnological
processes
(Huang et al. 2002; Yazdani and Gonzales 2007;
Zhu et al. 2010; Feng et al. 2011; Ruhal and Choudhury
2012a; Zhu et al. 2012; Wang and Yang 2013; Piwowarek
et al. 2016)
. Bacteria from the Propionibacterium genus and
their metabolites (propionic acid, vitamin B12, and trehalose)
are commonly used in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food
industries. They are also used as additives in fodders for
livestock. In this study, we present the most recent literature
review regarding the bacteria of the Propionibacterium genus
and their metabolites such as propionic acid, vitamin B12,
trehalose, and all of the bacteriocins known and their current
and potential use in different industries
(Thierry et al. 2005;
Lee et al. 2013; Cousin et al. 2016; Divek and
KollanoorJohny 2016; Angelopoulou et al. 2017)
. Moreover, the
biosynthetic pathways of these metabolites and the influence of
environmental and genetic factors
(Falentin et al. 2010)
on the
efficiency of these processes and the impact of different
industrial waste products as carbon sources on the biosynthesis
of these metabolites are reviewed.
Characterization of Propionibacterium
Bacteria from the Propionibacterium genus were isolated and
described in the first half of the twentieth century by Eduard
von Freudenreich, Orl-Jensen, and van Niela, who classified this
genus into class Actinobacteria, order Actinomycetales, and
family Propionibacteriaceae
(Breed et al. 1957)
. Bacteria from the
Propionibacterium genus are divided into two groups based on
their habitat: skin (acnes) and classical (dairy). The first group
comprises species that are present on the human skin and in the
oral and the gastrointestinal mucosa, such as Propionibacterium
acnes, Propionibacterium avidum, Propionibacterium
propion ic um , Prop ionibacte riu m gran ulosum , a nd
Propionibacterium lymphophilum (all these are pathogenic
microorganisms). Microorganisms belonging to the second
phylogenetic group include the classical strains: the first group
comprises bacteria from Propionibacterium acidipropionici,
Propionibacterium jensenii, and Propionibacterium thoenii
spe (...truncated)