Methodology for implementing power plant efficiency standards for power generation: potential emission reduction

Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, Dec 2017

Some methods of generating power such as power generation through coal, natural gas, oil result in inevitable emissions of greenhouse gases. While power generation is necessary due to its increasing demand, it is important for power companies to generate their power in an efficient manner to reduce its effect on the environment. One of the most effective ways of tackling inefficiency issues is through the implementation of efficiency standard. While there exist a lot of studies addressing the topic of energy efficiency standards, there are very few papers that deal specifically with efficiency standard for power generation plant. This paper presents methodology for the implementation of power plant efficiency standard; as mandatory or voluntary regulatory instrument, that may be implemented by the government to control greenhouse emissions from power plants. It is hoped that through its implementation, power companies shall become more conscious of their efficiency and emission quality, hereby encouraging the adoption of more efficient energy sources and latest available technologies. In this paper, methods of calculating greenhouse intensity value and its corresponding allowable ranges have been demonstrated. Case study on a 10-year-old base-load multi-fuel-fired power plant in Malaysia has shown that the power plant is in conformance to the power plant efficiency standard, with an actual greenhouse intensity of 859.4461 kgCO2/MWh sent-out, well within the allowable range of greenhouse intensities for that power plant which is between 760 and 890 kgCO2/MWh sent-out. It has also been demonstrated that older power plants are allowed to have higher values of greenhouse intensity. Benefits of utilising natural gas and operating the power plant at full load have also been shown.

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Methodology for implementing power plant efficiency standards for power generation: potential emission reduction

Methodology for implementing power plant efficiency standards for power generation: potential emission reduction T. M. I. Mahlia 0 1 2 3 4 J. Y. Lim 0 1 2 3 4 Lisa Aditya 0 1 2 3 4 T. M. I. Riayatsyah 0 1 2 3 4 A. E. Pg Abas 0 1 2 3 4 Nasruddin 0 1 2 3 4 0 Department of Environmental Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology , 80-233 Gdańsk , Poland 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya , 50603 Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering , Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 43000 Kajang, Selangor , Malaysia 3 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Indonesia , Depok 16424 , Indonesia 4 Faculty of Integrated Technologies , Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong 1410 , Brunei Darussalam Some methods of generating power such as power generation through coal, natural gas, oil result in inevitable emissions of greenhouse gases. While power generation is necessary due to its increasing demand, it is important for power companies to generate their power in an efficient manner to reduce its effect on the environment. One of the most effective ways of tackling inefficiency issues is through the implementation of efficiency standard. While there exist a lot of studies addressing the topic of energy efficiency standards, there are very few papers that deal specifically with efficiency standard for power generation plant. This paper presents methodology for the implementation of power plant efficiency standard; as mandatory or voluntary regulatory instrument, that may be implemented by the government to control greenhouse emissions from power plants. It is hoped that through its implementation, power companies shall become more conscious of their efficiency and emission quality, hereby encouraging the adoption of more efficient energy sources and latest available technologies. In this paper, methods of calculating greenhouse intensity value and its corresponding allowable ranges have been demonstrated. Case study on a 10-year-old base-load multi-fuel-fired power plant in Malaysia has shown that the power plant is in conformance to the power plant efficiency standard, with an actual greenhouse intensity of 859.4461 kgCO2/MWh sent-out, well within the allowable range of greenhouse intensities for that power plant which is between 760 and 890 kgCO2/MWh sent-out. It has also been demonstrated that older power plants are allowed to have higher values of greenhouse intensity. Benefits of utilising natural gas and operating the power plant at full load have also been shown. Techno-economic; Energy efficiency standard; Power generation; Life cycle cost - List of symbols A Rate of fuel burnt (kg) by the power plant Aar Percentage of ash in fuel, as received or as fired (%) AFBC Car Ca Cash CCS GHG CH4 CO2 IGCC eallo. EA EG Eso Atmospheric fluidised bed combustor Percentage of carbon in fuel, as received or as fired (%) Mass percentage (%) of carbon from fuel as received, as sampled or as fired Percentage of carbon in ash, as sampled (%) Carbon capture and storage Greenhouse gases Methane gas Carbon dioxide gas Integrated gasification combined cycle Maximum error allowance due to fuel sampling and quantity metering (%) Energy consumed by the auxiliary loads over time period T Energy generated at the generator terminals over time period T Total energy sent out by the power plant in MWh sent out over time period T EFj Total emission of greenhouse gas j produced (kg) by the power plant ER Overall emission reduction efficiency of the power plant EMCO2,equiv. Total emission for carbon dioxide equivalence, from the power plant in kgCO2equiv over time period T Fj Emission factors for greenhouse gas j by the power plant (kg CO2/kg fuel) FCO2 Emission factors for greenhouse gas CO2 by the power plant (kg CO2/kg fuel) FCO2equiv,i Collective emission factor, in carbon dioxide equivalence by the power plant from fuel i (kg CO2/kg fuel) FCO2,i Emission factors for CO2 by the power plant from fuel i (kg CO2/kg fuel) FCH4,i Emission factors for CH4 by the power plant from fuel i (kg CO2/kg fuel) FN2O,i Emission factors for N2O by the power plant from fuel i (kg CO2/kg fuel) GHR Generated heat rate of the power plant GI Greenhouse intensity value (kg CO2/MWh sent-out) GIR Greenhouse intensity reference value (kg CO2/MWh sent-out) GILower Reference lower greenhouse intensity value (kg CO2/MWh sent-out) GIUpper Reference upper greenhouse intensity value (kg CO2/MWh sent-out) GWP Global warming potential HCF Hyrdofluorocarbons gas L Output factor or load of the power plant mi Total mass of fuel i by the power plant in kg over time period T mCO2,equiv. Carbon dioxide equivalence’s quantity from the three different emission gases (tonne) mCO2 Emission quantity of CO2 (tonne) mCH4 Emission quantity of CH4 (tonne) mN2O Emission quantity of N2O (tonne) N Number of the different sources of fuel utilised by the power plant N2O N (...truncated)


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T. M. I. Mahlia, J. Y. Lim, Lisa Aditya, T. M. I. Riayatsyah, A. E. Pg Abas, Nasruddin. Methodology for implementing power plant efficiency standards for power generation: potential emission reduction, Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 2017, pp. 1-19, DOI: 10.1007/s10098-017-1473-3