Cyber-Physical Systems: A Literature Review

European Scientific Journal, Dec 2017

Cyber-physical systems (CPSs) are smart systems that depend on the synergy of cyber and physical components. They link the physical world (e.g. through sensors, actuators, robotics, and embedded systems) with the virtual world of information processing. Applications of CPS have the tremendous potential of improving convenience, comfort, and safety in our daily life. This paper provides a brief introduction to CPSs and their applications.

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Cyber-Physical Systems: A Literature Review

European Scientific Journal December 2017 edition Vol.13 Cyber-Physical Systems: A Literature Review Matthew N. O. Sadiku 0 Yonghui Wang 0 Suxia Cui 0 Sarhan M. Musa 0 0 Roy G. Perry College of Engineering Prairie View A&M University Prairie View , TX 77446 , USA Cyber-physical systems (CPSs) are smart systems that depend on the synergy of cyber and physical components. They link the physical world (e.g. through sensors, actuators, robotics, and embedded systems) with the virtual world of information processing. Applications of CPS have the tremendous potential of improving convenience, comfort, and safety in our daily life. This paper provides a brief introduction to CPSs and their applications. Cyber-physical systems; mobile CPS - typically confined to a single device, a CPS may encompass many constituent systems and devices. CPSs will bring advances in personalized health care, emergency response, traffic flow management, electric power generation and delivery, and “smart" anything (e.g., cars, buildings, homes, cities, manufacturing, hospitals, appliances). Features of cps As illustrated in Figure 1, CPSs are complex systems with the integration of computation, communication, and control (3C) technology (Wan, et al., 2011) . They combine cyber capabilities (computation and communication) with physical capabilities (sensors and actuators). CPS can be found nearly anywhere, including medicine, automobiles, electric power grids, city infrastructure, manufacturing, aircraft, and building systems. A CPS has three main components: (1) a physical system, (2) networking and communication element, (3) a distributed cyber system. CPSs are designed with a set of distributed hardware, software, and network components which are embedded in physical systems and environments. The software plays the most important role; it includes all software programs for processing, filtering, and storing information. CPSs interact with the physical system through networks. The major characteristics of CPS include distributed real-time, scalability, and reliability. Most CPSs support realtime applications such as real-time monitoring, real-time control, and realtime forecasting. As shown in Figure 2, CPS operates at three layers: perception, transmission, and application (Ashibani and Mahmoud, 2017) . The perception layer (or sensors layer) has terminal devices such as sensors, actuators, cameras, GPS, RFID tags, and readers. These devices possess the ability to collect real-time data such as sound, light, hear, electricity or location and perform commands from the application layer. The transmission layer (or network layer) interchanges and processes data between the perception and the application. Transmission is achieved using local area networks, the Internet or communication technologies such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, ZigBee, and infrared. The application layer processes information from transmission layer and issues commands to be executed by the sensors and actuators. The main objective of the layer is to create a smart environment. Mobile cyber physical systems are special CPSs with inherent mobility. Smartphone platforms make ideal mobile cyber-physical systems. Typical examples of mobile cyber-physical systems include applications to detect traffic accidents, measure traffic, and monitor cardiac patients (Cyberphysical system, 2017) . Applications Common applications of CPS typically fall under sensor-based communication-enabled autonomous systems. These include smart power grid, autonomous automotive systems, medical monitoring, process control systems, distributed robotics, and automatic pilot avionics. Development of new smart CPSs will drive innovation and competition in sectors such as agriculture, energy, transportation, building design and automation, healthcare, and manufacturing. Some of these applications are further explained as follows (Zanni, 2015) (Khaitan and McCalley, 2015) (AlJaroodi, et al., 2016).  Manufacturing: CPSs are vital to preserving our national competiveness in manufacturing. They can improve processes by sharing real-time information among the industrial machines, manufacturing supply chain, suppliers, business systems, and customers. They enable complete optimization of a manufacturing plant, where information can be communicated among industrial machines.  Healthcare: Rising healthcare costs, an aging population, and diminishing medical resources are driving health-care providers to seek technological innovations. CPSs are used for real-time and remote monitoring of the physical conditions of patients to limit patient hospitalization or to improve treatments for disabled and elderly patients. CPSs also enable intelligent operating rooms and hospitals and the development of physical prostheses. Health CPS will replace traditional health devices in the future. Figure 3 shows an example of medical robotic CPS (D’Auria and Persia, 2017) . CPSs are poised to transform the heal (...truncated)


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Matthew N. O. Sadiku, Yonghui Wang, Suxia Cui, Sarhan M. Musa. Cyber-Physical Systems: A Literature Review, European Scientific Journal, 2017, Volume 13, Issue 36, DOI: 10.19044/esj.2017.v13n36p52