Migration patterns and phenotypic diversity of underyearlings of sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka in the Ozernaya River basin (Kamchatka)

Journal of Ichthyology, Nov 2017

Migratory behavior, size composition, and feeding patterns of the underyearlings of sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka from different intraspecific phenotypic groups in the Ozernaya River basin are studied. Complex organization of main phenotypic groups is demonstrated: several labile spatial-temporal groups are defined within them. The discovered phenotypic polymorphism is temporal and manifested by the sockeye salmon underyearlings only during the period in which they reach the main rearing grounds.

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Migration patterns and phenotypic diversity of underyearlings of sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka in the Ozernaya River basin (Kamchatka)

Journal of Ichthyology 0032-9452 Migration Patterns and Phenotypic Diversity of Underyearlings of Sockeye Salmon Oncorhynchus nerka in the Ozernaya River Basin (Kamchatka) E. A. Kirillova 0 P. I. Kirillov 0 D. S. Pavlov 0 A. O. Zvezdin 0 0 Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow , Russia ⎯ Migratory behavior, size composition, and feeding patterns of the underyearlings of sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka from different intraspecific phenotypic groups in the Ozernaya River basin are studied. Complex organization of main phenotypic groups is demonstrated: several labile spatial-temporal groups are defined within them. The discovered phenotypic polymorphism is temporal and manifested by the sockeye salmon underyearlings only during the period in which they reach the main rearing grounds. sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka; underyearlings; distribution; downstream migration; phenotypic diversity; Ozernaya River; Lake Kurilskoye - Sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka is the only species of Pacific salmon specialized on reproduction in lake and river systems (Quinn, 2005; Bugaev and Kirichenko, 2008) . The most abundant populations of sockeye salmon inhabit lakes of the Asian and American coasts of the Pacific Ocean. Lake Kurilskoye (Ozernaya River Basin), located on the southern Kamchatka Peninsula, is the spawning and rearing reservoir for the largest population of sockeye salmon in Asia (the so-called Ozernovskaya population). The geomorphological features of lake and river systems determine the wide variety of reproductive conditions of the species. The sockeye salmon spawning grounds are located both in the lakes themselves and in the rivers that f low in and out of them. In the Ozernaya River Basin, which includes Lake Kurilskoye, the sockeye salmon spawning grounds are represented by three types: limnetic (littoral) make up 71% of the spawning area; riverine (in lake tributaries and the river f lowing from the lake), 26%; and spring brooks, 3% (Ostroumov, 1970) . In the first summer of life, juveniles from spawning grounds of all types move to the pelagic zone of the lake to the rearing area (Krokhin and Krogius, 1937; Smirnov, 1975; Bugaev, 1995) . After emergence from the ground, juveniles come under inf luence of various conditions (presence and direction of currents, temperature and feeding conditions) depending on the location of the spawning grounds in relation to the rearing reservoir. Therefore, to reach the rearing area, juveniles undertake migrations of varying direction, distance, and duration. For the sockeye salmon underyearlings of the Ozernaya River Basin, three types of migrations from the spawning grounds are typical: downstream migration from lake tributaries and partially in the Ozernaya River; upstream from the riverine spawning areas of the Ozernaya River; movement of juveniles from the littoral of the lake to the pelagic zone (Krokhin and Krogius, 1937; Egorova, 1970; Bugaev et al., 2009; Kirillova, etc., 2010; Kirillova and Pavlov, 2011) . The variety of migration types suggests a complex of various adaptations (ethological, morphological, and physiological) in the juveniles and the formation of the corresponding phenotypic groups. In literature sources, there is information on the particular features of the behavior and orientation of sockeye salmon underyearlings in the current and their physiological status during the dispersion, obtained both as a result of observations in field and laboratory experiments (Byrne, 1968; Raleigh, 1971; Brannon, 1972; Brett and Glass, 1973; Bodznick, 1978; Hensleigh and Hendry, 1998; Pon et al, 2007; Pavlov et al., 2012, 2013; Zvezdin et al., 2015) . The school of juveniles from spawning grounds located in different parts of the lake and river system in one feeding reservoir requires a specific study. The first steps in this direction should be descriptions of the migratory behavior and phenotypic diversity of juveniles (the progeny of different spawning groups of sockeye salmon) during migrations to the feeding reservoir, which was the goal of this study. BERING SEA SEA OF OKHOTSK 2 3 1 4 Lake Kurilskoye MATERIALS AND METHODS Lake Kurilskoye (Ozernaya River Basin) is a large waterbody on the southern Kamchatka Peninsula (Fig. 1): the area of the water surface is 77.1 km2, the volume is 15 km3, the average depth is 195 m, and the maximum depth is 316 m. Four large rivers (the Khakytsin, Etamynk, Vychenkiya, and Kirushutk), several small rivers, and many large and small streams (Zolotoi Klyuch and other nameless tributaries) empty into the lake; the majority of the latter are temporary and exist only in the period of snow melting. Sockeye salmon uses approximately ten lake tributaries for spawning. The Ozernaya River (length 48 km), which f lows from Lake Kurilskoye, empties into the Sea of Okhotsk. The sockeye salmon spawning grounds are located in the upstream river, over 6 km from its (...truncated)


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E. A. Kirillova, P. I. Kirillov, D. S. Pavlov, A. O. Zvezdin. Migration patterns and phenotypic diversity of underyearlings of sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka in the Ozernaya River basin (Kamchatka), Journal of Ichthyology, 2017, pp. 870-882, Volume 57, Issue 6, DOI: 10.1134/S0032945217060091