Species richness of Eurasian Zephyrus hairstreaks (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Theclini) with implications on historical biogeography: An NDM/VNDM approach

PLOS ONE, Nov 2019

Aim A database based on distributional records of Eurasian Zephyrus hairstreaks (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Theclini) was compiled to analyse their areas of endemism (AoEs), species richness and distribution patterns, to explore their locations of past glacial refugia and dispersal routes. Methods Over 2000 Zephyrus hairstreaks occurrences are analysed using the NDM/VNDM algorithm, for the recognition of AoEs. Species richness was calculated by using the option ‘Number of different classes’ to count the different classes of a variable presented in each 3.0°×3.0° grid cell, and GIS software was used to visualize distribution patterns of endemic species. Results Centres of species richness of Zephyrus hairstreaks are situated in the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (EQTP), Hengduan Mountain Region (HDMR) and the Qinling Mountain Region (QLMR). Latitudinal gradients in species richness show normal distribution with the peak between 25° N and 35° N in the temperate zone, gradually decreasing towards the poles. Moreover, most parts of central and southern China, especially the area of QLMR-EQTP-HDMR, were identified as AoEs that may have played a significant role as refugia during Quaternary global cooling. There are four major distributional patterns of Zephyrus hairstreaks in Eurasia: Sino-Japanese, Sino-Himalayan, high-mountain and a combined distribution covering all three patterns. Conclusions Zephyrus hairstreaks probably originated at least 23–24 Myr ago in E. Asia between 25° N to 35° N in the temperate zone. Cenozoic orogenies caused rapid speciation of this tribe and extrusion of the Indochina block resulted in vicariance between the Sino-Japanese and the Sino-Himalayan patterns. The four distribution patterns provided two possible dispersal directions: Sino-Japanese dispersal and Sino-Himalayan dispersal.

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Species richness of Eurasian Zephyrus hairstreaks (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Theclini) with implications on historical biogeography: An NDM/VNDM approach

January Species richness of Eurasian Zephyrus hairstreaks (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Theclini) with implications on historical biogeography: An NDM/VNDM approach Hailing Zhuang 0 1 Masaya Yago 0 Josef Settele 0 2 3 Xiushan Li 0 Rei Ueshima 0 Nick V. Grishin 0 Min Wang 0 1 0 Editor: Ulrike Gertrud Munderloh, University of Minnesota , UNITED STATES 1 Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou, Guangdong , China , 2 The University Museum, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, 3 Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Halle, Saxony-Anhalt , Germany 2 Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines, 6 Institute of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, 7 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas , United States of America 3 German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) , Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig , Germany A database based on distributional records of Eurasian Zephyrus hairstreaks (Lepidoptera - Centres of species richness of Zephyrus hairstreaks are situated in the eastern QinghaiTibet Plateau (EQTP), Hengduan Mountain Region (HDMR) and the Qinling Mountain Region (QLMR). Latitudinal gradients in species richness show normal distribution with the peak between 25Ê N and 35Ê N in the temperate zone, gradually decreasing towards the poles. Moreover, most parts of central and southern China, especially the area of QLMREQTP-HDMR, were identified as AoEs that may have played a significant role as refugia during Quaternary global cooling. There are four major distributional patterns of Zephyrus a1111111111 a1111111111 a1111111111 a1111111111 a1111111111 OPEN ACCESS Data Availability Statement: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files. Funding: This work was supported Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) (No. 26440207 to MY), (http://www.um.u-tokyo.ac.jp/people/faculty_yago. html). This funder provided the idea, fund and resources and participated writing original draft and revision. This work was also supported by the Chinese National Natural Science Foundation (No. Aim persal routes. Methods species. Results 40971037 to MW). This funder provided the idea, fund, resource and participated filed survey, confirmed test. Lastly, it was funded by the CSC (China Scholarship Council, Liujinfa [2015] 3022 to HZ. This funder conducted almost all aspects of this research expect, resources and validation. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. hairstreaks in Eurasia: Sino-Japanese, Sino-Himalayan, high-mountain and a combined distribution covering all three patterns. Conclusions Zephyrus hairstreaks probably originated at least 23±24 Myr ago in E. Asia between 25Ê N to 35Ê N in the temperate zone. Cenozoic orogenies caused rapid speciation of this tribe and extrusion of the Indochina block resulted in vicariance between the Sino-Japanese and the Sino-Himalayan patterns. The four distribution patterns provided two possible dispersal directions: Sino-Japanese dispersal and Sino-Himalayan dispersal. Introduction All living things on earth are not distributed randomly, but are restricted to a defined geographical area [ 1 ]. Two very important issues of biogeography are the identification of areas of endemism (AoEs) and centres of species richness. AoEs defined by at least two endemic taxa are generally treated as keys to link the distribution of organisms and historical geographical events [ 2, 3 ], and these areas are characterized with high species survival and speciation rates. Furthermore, these areas are widely regarded as refugia during the Last Glacial Maximum [4]. Consequently, they are usually treated as historical units used to infer the relationship between the distribution of organisms and historical factors [5±10]. Biogeographical boundaries, which are often affected by multiple factors (e.g. biological, physical, ecological, historical), have been of particular interest due to their impact on ecology, biogeography, evolution and conservation biology [ 11 ]. Biogeographical lines, the most famous of which is Wallace's Line [ 12 ], are the boundaries defining the distribution of organisms. These lines reflect some consistency in the influence of ecological, physical, and geological factors, as well as historical events. For instance, the biogeographical line called the ªTanaka-Kaiyong lineº which extends from northwest Yunnan through southeast Yunnan to Guangxi, China, and to northern Vietnam (about from 28Ê N, 98Ê E to 19Ê N, 108Ê E) was suggested by several researchers based on their floristic surveys [13±15]. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) form the second largest order in the class Insecta and are an ideal group for biogeographical studies due (...truncated)


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Hailing Zhuang, Masaya Yago, Josef Settele, Xiushan Li, Rei Ueshima, Nick V. Grishin, Min Wang. Species richness of Eurasian Zephyrus hairstreaks (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Theclini) with implications on historical biogeography: An NDM/VNDM approach, PLOS ONE, 2018, Volume 13, Issue 1, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191049