Species richness of Eurasian Zephyrus hairstreaks (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Theclini) with implications on historical biogeography: An NDM/VNDM approach
January
Species richness of Eurasian Zephyrus hairstreaks (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Theclini) with implications on historical biogeography: An NDM/VNDM approach
Hailing Zhuang 0 1
Masaya Yago 0
Josef Settele 0 2 3
Xiushan Li 0
Rei Ueshima 0
Nick V. Grishin 0
Min Wang 0 1
0 Editor: Ulrike Gertrud Munderloh, University of Minnesota , UNITED STATES
1 Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou, Guangdong , China , 2 The University Museum, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, 3 Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Halle, Saxony-Anhalt , Germany
2 Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines, 6 Institute of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, 7 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas , United States of America
3 German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) , Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig , Germany
A database based on distributional records of Eurasian Zephyrus hairstreaks (Lepidoptera
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Centres of species richness of Zephyrus hairstreaks are situated in the eastern
QinghaiTibet Plateau (EQTP), Hengduan Mountain Region (HDMR) and the Qinling Mountain
Region (QLMR). Latitudinal gradients in species richness show normal distribution with the
peak between 25Ê N and 35Ê N in the temperate zone, gradually decreasing towards the
poles. Moreover, most parts of central and southern China, especially the area of
QLMREQTP-HDMR, were identified as AoEs that may have played a significant role as refugia
during Quaternary global cooling. There are four major distributional patterns of Zephyrus
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OPEN ACCESS
Data Availability Statement: All relevant data are
within the paper and its Supporting Information
files.
Funding: This work was supported Grant-in-Aid for
Scientific Research (C) (No. 26440207 to MY),
(http://www.um.u-tokyo.ac.jp/people/faculty_yago.
html). This funder provided the idea, fund and
resources and participated writing original draft
and revision. This work was also supported by the
Chinese National Natural Science Foundation (No.
Aim
persal routes.
Methods
species.
Results
40971037 to MW). This funder provided the idea,
fund, resource and participated filed survey,
confirmed test. Lastly, it was funded by the CSC
(China Scholarship Council, Liujinfa [2015] 3022 to
HZ. This funder conducted almost all aspects of
this research expect, resources and validation.
Competing interests: The authors have declared
that no competing interests exist.
hairstreaks in Eurasia: Sino-Japanese, Sino-Himalayan, high-mountain and a combined
distribution covering all three patterns.
Conclusions
Zephyrus hairstreaks probably originated at least 23±24 Myr ago in E. Asia between 25Ê N
to 35Ê N in the temperate zone. Cenozoic orogenies caused rapid speciation of this tribe and
extrusion of the Indochina block resulted in vicariance between the Sino-Japanese and the
Sino-Himalayan patterns. The four distribution patterns provided two possible dispersal
directions: Sino-Japanese dispersal and Sino-Himalayan dispersal.
Introduction
All living things on earth are not distributed randomly, but are restricted to a defined
geographical area [
1
]. Two very important issues of biogeography are the identification of areas of
endemism (AoEs) and centres of species richness. AoEs defined by at least two endemic taxa
are generally treated as keys to link the distribution of organisms and historical geographical
events [
2, 3
], and these areas are characterized with high species survival and speciation rates.
Furthermore, these areas are widely regarded as refugia during the Last Glacial Maximum [4].
Consequently, they are usually treated as historical units used to infer the relationship between
the distribution of organisms and historical factors [5±10]. Biogeographical boundaries, which
are often affected by multiple factors (e.g. biological, physical, ecological, historical), have been
of particular interest due to their impact on ecology, biogeography, evolution and conservation
biology [
11
]. Biogeographical lines, the most famous of which is Wallace's Line [
12
], are the
boundaries defining the distribution of organisms. These lines reflect some consistency in
the influence of ecological, physical, and geological factors, as well as historical events. For
instance, the biogeographical line called the ªTanaka-Kaiyong lineº which extends from
northwest Yunnan through southeast Yunnan to Guangxi, China, and to northern Vietnam (about
from 28Ê N, 98Ê E to 19Ê N, 108Ê E) was suggested by several researchers based on their floristic
surveys [13±15].
Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) form the second largest order in the class Insecta and
are an ideal group for biogeographical studies due (...truncated)