Optimal operation of electricity, natural gas and heat systems considering integrated demand responses and diversified storage devices
J. Mod. Power Syst. Clean Energy (
Optimal operation of electricity, natural gas and heat systems considering integrated demand responses and diversified storage devices
Linna NI 0 1 2 3
Weijia LIU 0 1 2 3
Fushuan WEN 0 1 2 3
Yusheng XUE 0 1 2 3
Zhaoyang DONG 0 1 2 3
Yu ZHENG 0 1 2 3
Rui ZHANG 0 1 2 3
0 & Fushuan WEN
1 Electric Power Research Institute , China Southern Power Grid, Guangzhou 510080 , China
2 State Grid Electric Power Research Institute , Nanjing 211106 , China
3 School of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
In recent years, the increasing penetration level of renewable generation and combined heat and power (CHP) technology in power systems is leading to significant changes in energy production and consumption patterns. As a result, the integrated planning and optimal operation of a multi-carrier energy (MCE) system have aroused widespread concern for reasonable utilization of multiple energy resources and efficient accommodation of renewable energy sources. In this context, an integrated demand response (IDR) scheme is designed to coordinate the operation of power to gas (P2G) devices, heat pumps, diversified storage devices and flexible loads within an extended modeling framework of energy hubs. Subsequently, the optimal dispatch of interconnected electricity, natural gas and heat systems is implemented considering the interactions among multiple energy carriers by utilizing the bi-level optimization method. Finally, the proposed method is demonstrated with a 4-bus multi-energy system and a larger test case comprised of a revised IEEE 118-bus power system and a 20-bus Belgian natural gas system.
Multi-carrier energy (MCE) system; Diversified storage device; Integrated demand response (IDR); Smart energy hub (SEH); Power to gas (P2G); Heat pump
1 Introduction
In recent years, the organization patterns of the global
energy systems have been greatly evolved with the rapid
development and wide applications of renewable
generation and energy storage technologies. In the meantime,
electric power systems, natural gas systems, heat systems
as well as others, have the tendency of being
interconnected and coordinated by cutting-edge information
technology to improve the overall economic efficiency of a
multi-carrier energy (MCE) system and accommodate the
Research Institute of State Grid Zhejiang Electric Power
Company, Hangzhou 310014, China
ever-increasing capacity of renewable energy generation.
Given this background, extensive research work has been
focused on the integrated planning and optimal operation
of multi-carrier energy systems in recent years [
1–4
].
To build a general modeling framework for MCE
systems, the concept of the ‘‘energy hub’’ was proposed with a
transition matrix to represent the process of distribution,
conversion and storage of different energy carriers [
5
].
Planning and operation problems of multi-carrier systems
have been studied in the presented framework. For
example, a broad spectrum of modeling extensions and
applications of energy hubs are discussed in [
6–8
]. The size and
operation strategy of combined cooling, heat and power, as
well as auxiliary boiler for users are optimized in [
9
].
Interconnected energy hubs are optimally designed and
sized in [
10
]. The combined optimization problem of
coupled multi-carrier power flows is addressed in [
11
] and
[
12
].
Demand response (DR) programs are applied to reduce
peak loads by changing energy usage patterns of end users
based on energy prices or pre-designed incentives [
13
].
Furthermore, the notion of demand response can be
expanded to the mutual alternatives and conversions of
different energy carriers at the energy demand side. The
integrated demand response (IDR) program [
14
] can not
only adjust the quantity of the end demand, but also switch
the form of the consumed energy with economic
incentives. The optimal dispatch for a single energy hub with
conversion, storage, and demand side management
capabilities is studied in [
15
], but the coordinated operation of
interconnected hubs is not addressed. Much research work
has been done on optimal operation of energy hubs with
demand side resources in the electricity market
environment in [
14, 16–19
]. The interaction among smart energy
hubs (SEHs), i.e. energy hubs equipped with smart grid
technologies, is formulated as a non-cooperative game and
solved by a distributed algorithm in [
16–18
], but the end
demand shifts are not taken into account. Based on
[
16–18
], further studies are made in [
14
] and [
19
] to take
the end demand shifts into consideration. To the best of our
knowledge, the coordinated scheduling of conventional
thermal generation units, renewable energy sources and
SEHs, as well as the integrated applications of power to gas
(P2G) devices, heat pumps, multiple kinds of energy
storages, flexible loads has not yet been systematically
addressed in existing public (...truncated)