In vitro antioxidant capacities of eight different kinds of apples and their effects on lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative damage in mice
January
In vitro antioxidant capacities of eight different kinds of apples and their effects on lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative damage in mice
Shuang Guo 0 1 2
Yuehua Wang 0 1 2
Shurui Chou 0 1 2
Huijun Cui 0 1 2
Dongnan Li 0 1 2
Bin Li 0 1 2
0 College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University , Liaoning , China
1 Key Research and Development Plan (Grant number: 2016YFD0400200), the Youth Scientific and Technological Innovation Talents Cultivation Plant in Agricultural Sector of Liaoning Province , China (Grant number: 2014041) , and the Agricultural Science and Technology Key Project of Science and Technology Bureau of Shenyang
2 Editor: Saikat Dewanjee, Jadavpur University , INDIA
In the present study, the DPPH and ABTS+ radical scavenging activity of eight types of apples decreased (P < 0.05) during the 70-day storage at 4ÊC. The Fushi (F2) apples from Xin Jiang showed the highest radical scavenging activity. For in vivo study, 40 male Kunming mice (body weight 20±25 g) were selected and randomly assigned to four groups (10 mice per group). The F2 groups (F2S, F2 + sterile saline and F2L, F2 + lipopolysaccharide) were administered with 0.3 mL F2 filtrate via gastric intubation daily for 28 days. The control groups (CS, CON + sterile saline and CL, CON + lipopolysaccharide) were treated with sterile saline at the same volume. At day 29, mice of F2L and CL groups were injected with 100 μg/kg body weight of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) intraperitoneally, while those of F2S and CS groups were injected equal volume of sterile saline. In comparison to the CS group, the CL group showed a decrease (P < 0.05) in serum, liver, and hepatic mitochondrial antioxidant capacity, reduction (P < 0.05) in the expression of hepatic antioxidant-related genes, and an increase (P < 0.05) in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PC), and reactive oxygen species (ROS). In comparison to the CL group, the F2L group showed lower (P < 0.05) levels of serum ALT, AST, and ROS, higher (P < 0.05) level of serum, liver, and hepatic mitochondrial antioxidant capacity, increased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and enhanced (P < 0.05) expression of hepatic antioxidant-related genes. These results suggest that F2 may exert protective effect against LPS-induced oxidative damage by improving the antioxidant capacity.
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Data Availability Statement: All relevant data are
within the paper.
Introduction
Lipid peroxidation may contribute to the development of oxygen radical-related injury and is
one of the important causes of cell membrane damages [
1
]. Oxidative damage is induced upon
disturbance of the balance between the antioxidant system and free radical generation system,
leading to several diseases. Previous studies have associated excessive free radicals with
neuronal disorders [
2
]. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a cell wall component of gram-negative bacteria,
causes severe inflammation, septic shock, and systemic inflammatory response syndrome [
3
].
Liaoning Province, China (Grant number:
2017171267).
Oxidative damage induced by LPS injection results in the overproduction of free radicals,
including reactive-oxygen species (ROS) [
4
]. LPS has been suggested to be very useful for the
study of oxidative damage in laboratory animals [
5,6
], which was thought to induce the hepatic
damage [
7,8
].
Fruit consumption is important to maintain health and may reduce the risk of diseases.
Most fruits contain necessary nutrients, fiber, antioxidants, phytochemicals, and other
bioactive compounds. The antioxidant present in fruits mitigates the consequences of oxidative
damage associated with chronic disease development and ageing [
9
]. Apple, one of the most
frequently consumed fruit, is famous for its high contents of beneficial compounds such fiber,
minerals, antioxidants, and other biologically active molecules [10]. The antioxidant activity of
a fruit is related to their antioxidant enzymes structures, which is influenced by many factors,
including genetic factors, storage time, and packaging method [11±13]. Previous studies have
shown that dietary antioxidants exhibited beneficial effects and improved the quality of life by
counteracting the overproduced free radicals. Antioxidant enzymes or natural products may
suppress the oxidative damage through their antioxidative function. This study was designed
to evaluate the free radicals scavenging capacity of eight different types of apples in vitro and
evaluate their effects on the LPS-induced oxidative damage in mice.
Materials and methods
Apples
Around 30 kg of apples were collected from each of the eight varieties, including Liao Ning
(Guoguang, G), Qiaonajin (Q), Shan Dong (Hongfushi, H1), Shan Xi (Podingqinguan, P),
Gan Su (Huaniu, H2), Fushi (F1), He Bei (Wanglin, W), and Xin Jiang (Fushi, F2), from
China in 2016 and stored at 4ÊC in the dark until subsequent analysis. Apples (...truncated)