Investigation of performance and emission characteristics of waste cooking oil as biodiesel in a diesel engine

Petroleum Science, Mar 2018

Biodiesel is one of the most popular prospective alternative fuels and can be obtained from a variety of sources. Waste frying oil is one such source along with the various raw vegetable oils. However, some specific technical treatments are required to improve certain fuel properties such as viscosity and calorific value of the biodiesel being obtained from waste cooking oil methyl ester (WCOME). Various treatments are applied depending on the source and therefore the composition of the cooking oil. This research investigated the performance of WCOME as an alternative biofuel in a four-stroke direct injection diesel engine. An 8-mode test was undertaken with diesel fuel and five WCOME blends. The best compromise blend in terms of performance and emissions was identified. Results showed that energy utilization factors of the blends were similar within the range of the operational parameters (speed, load and WCOME content). Increasing biodiesel content produced slightly more smoke and NOx for a great majority of test points, while the CO and THC emissions were lower.

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Investigation of performance and emission characteristics of waste cooking oil as biodiesel in a diesel engine

Petroleum Science Investigation of performance and emission characteristics of waste cooking oil as biodiesel in a diesel engine Yahya Ulusoy 0 1 2 3 Rıdvan Arslan 0 1 2 3 Yu¨ cel Tekin 0 1 2 3 Ali S u¨rmen 0 1 2 3 Alper Bolat 0 1 2 3 Remzi S¸ahin 0 1 2 3 0 Tu ̈rk Trakto ̈r ve Ziraat Makineleri Co. , Ankara , Turkey 1 Department of Automotive Engineering, Uludag ̆ University , Bursa , Turkey 2 & Yahya Ulusoy 3 Department of Mechanical Engineering, KTO Karatay University , Konya , Turkey Biodiesel is one of the most popular prospective alternative fuels and can be obtained from a variety of sources. Waste frying oil is one such source along with the various raw vegetable oils. However, some specific technical treatments are required to improve certain fuel properties such as viscosity and calorific value of the biodiesel being obtained from waste cooking oil methyl ester (WCOME). Various treatments are applied depending on the source and therefore the composition of the cooking oil. This research investigated the performance of WCOME as an alternative biofuel in a four-stroke direct injection diesel engine. An 8-mode test was undertaken with diesel fuel and five WCOME blends. The best compromise blend in terms of performance and emissions was identified. Results showed that energy utilization factors of the blends were similar within the range of the operational parameters (speed, load and WCOME content). Increasing biodiesel content produced slightly more smoke and NOx for a great majority of test points, while the CO and THC emissions were lower. Waste cooking oil Alternative fuel resources will play an important role in replacing the dwindling world supply of fossil fuels. Increasing industrialization and mechanization has led to a steep rise in the demand for fossil fuel. As a result, limited reserves and environmental degradation have mandated the search for alternative fuels (He et al. 2010) , which are gaining worldwide acceptance as a partial solution to the problems of environmental degradation, energy security, import restrictions, rural employment and agricultural economy. Generally, different ratios of biodiesel are Edited by Xiu-Qin Zhu Department of Agricultural Machinery/Automotive Technology, Uludag˘ University, Bursa, Turkey blended with fossil fuel for use in diesel engines, which are recognized for energy generation and are a power source providing higher efficiency and ruggedness in the field of transportation. One of the biodiesel sources is waste cooking oil methyl ester (WCOME). WCOME presents a twofold gain, as it can provide benefits both as an environmental strategy for municipalities as well as for the safeguarding of human health due to the lowered gas emissions. Arslan (2011) and Hamasaki et al. (2001) stated that biodiesel could be used as an alternative fuel instead of existing conventional diesel engines without requiring any modifications. Compared to conventional fossil diesel fuel, biodiesel provides significant reductions in particulate matter (PM) emissions (Canakci and Van Gerpen 2003; Lapuerta et al. 2008; Tat 2003) , carbon monoxide (CO) emissions (Mittelbach and Tritthart 1988) and total hydrocarbon (THC) emissions (Payrı et al. 2005). The performance of biodiesel-fueled engines is better than that of diesel-fueled engines in terms of thermal efficiency, brake-specific energy consumption, and smoke opacity, wear of vital components and exhaust emissions for an entire range of operations (Agarwal and Das 2001) . These findings are supported by researchers who observed similar behavior for all biodiesel blends with fuel of various origins (Cetinkaya et al. 2005; Felizardo et al. 2006 ; Mangesh and Dalai 2006; Ulusoy et al. 2004). Gopal et al. (2014) have observed that there is significant reduction in CO, unburned HC and smoke emissions for biodiesel and its blends compared to diesel fuel. However, NOx emission of WCO biodiesel is marginally higher than of petroleum diesel. Many studies have been conducted on the use of alter native input products such as rape seed and soybean WCOME in the production of biodiesel for use in diesel engines ( Altıparmak et al. 2007 ; Felizardo et al. 2006 ; Kaplan et al. 2006 ; Mangesh and Dalai 2006 ; Nachid et al. 2015 ; Selvan and Nagarajan 2013 ; Ulusoy et al. 2004 , 2016). The performance and smoke results obtained from an electricity generator engine operating on WCOME showed that the smoke reduction, compared to that of conventional diesel fuel, was around 60% for B100 (100% biodiesel) and around 25% for B20 (20% biodiesel) (Cetinkaya and Karaosmanoglu 2005) . Dorado et al. (2003) conducted an 8-mode test using waste olive oil in a fourstroke, three-cylinder, direct injection, 34 kW engine and results showed that 8.6% reduction in CO2, a 58.9% reduction in CO and a 57.7% reduction in SO2 emissions. However, increases of 8.5% and 32% were observed in specific fuel consumption and NOx e (...truncated)


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Yahya Ulusoy, Rıdvan Arslan, Yücel Tekin, Ali Sürmen, Alper Bolat, Remzi Şahin. Investigation of performance and emission characteristics of waste cooking oil as biodiesel in a diesel engine, Petroleum Science, 2018, pp. 1-9, DOI: 10.1007/s12182-018-0225-2