Investigation of performance and emission characteristics of waste cooking oil as biodiesel in a diesel engine
Petroleum Science
Investigation of performance and emission characteristics of waste cooking oil as biodiesel in a diesel engine
Yahya Ulusoy 0 1 2 3
Rıdvan Arslan 0 1 2 3
Yu¨ cel Tekin 0 1 2 3
Ali S u¨rmen 0 1 2 3
Alper Bolat 0 1 2 3
Remzi S¸ahin 0 1 2 3
0 Tu ̈rk Trakto ̈r ve Ziraat Makineleri Co. , Ankara , Turkey
1 Department of Automotive Engineering, Uludag ̆ University , Bursa , Turkey
2 & Yahya Ulusoy
3 Department of Mechanical Engineering, KTO Karatay University , Konya , Turkey
Biodiesel is one of the most popular prospective alternative fuels and can be obtained from a variety of sources. Waste frying oil is one such source along with the various raw vegetable oils. However, some specific technical treatments are required to improve certain fuel properties such as viscosity and calorific value of the biodiesel being obtained from waste cooking oil methyl ester (WCOME). Various treatments are applied depending on the source and therefore the composition of the cooking oil. This research investigated the performance of WCOME as an alternative biofuel in a four-stroke direct injection diesel engine. An 8-mode test was undertaken with diesel fuel and five WCOME blends. The best compromise blend in terms of performance and emissions was identified. Results showed that energy utilization factors of the blends were similar within the range of the operational parameters (speed, load and WCOME content). Increasing biodiesel content produced slightly more smoke and NOx for a great majority of test points, while the CO and THC emissions were lower.
Waste cooking oil
Alternative fuel resources will play an important role in
replacing the dwindling world supply of fossil fuels.
Increasing industrialization and mechanization has led to a
steep rise in the demand for fossil fuel. As a result, limited
reserves and environmental degradation have mandated the
search for alternative fuels
(He et al. 2010)
, which are
gaining worldwide acceptance as a partial solution to the
problems of environmental degradation, energy security,
import restrictions, rural employment and agricultural
economy. Generally, different ratios of biodiesel are
Edited by Xiu-Qin Zhu
Department of Agricultural Machinery/Automotive
Technology, Uludag˘ University, Bursa, Turkey
blended with fossil fuel for use in diesel engines, which are
recognized for energy generation and are a power source
providing higher efficiency and ruggedness in the field of
transportation. One of the biodiesel sources is waste
cooking oil methyl ester (WCOME). WCOME presents a
twofold gain, as it can provide benefits both as an
environmental strategy for municipalities as well as for the
safeguarding of human health due to the lowered gas
emissions.
Arslan (2011)
and
Hamasaki et al. (2001)
stated
that biodiesel could be used as an alternative fuel instead of
existing conventional diesel engines without requiring any
modifications. Compared to conventional fossil diesel fuel,
biodiesel provides significant reductions in particulate
matter (PM) emissions
(Canakci and Van Gerpen 2003;
Lapuerta et al. 2008; Tat 2003)
, carbon monoxide (CO)
emissions
(Mittelbach and Tritthart 1988)
and total
hydrocarbon (THC) emissions (Payrı et al. 2005). The
performance of biodiesel-fueled engines is better than that
of diesel-fueled engines in terms of thermal efficiency,
brake-specific energy consumption, and smoke opacity,
wear of vital components and exhaust emissions for an
entire range of operations
(Agarwal and Das 2001)
. These
findings are supported by researchers who observed similar
behavior for all biodiesel blends with fuel of various
origins (Cetinkaya et al. 2005;
Felizardo et al. 2006
;
Mangesh and Dalai 2006; Ulusoy et al. 2004). Gopal et al.
(2014) have observed that there is significant reduction in
CO, unburned HC and smoke emissions for biodiesel and its blends compared to diesel fuel. However, NOx emission of WCO biodiesel is marginally higher than of petroleum diesel.
Many studies have been conducted on the use of alter
native input products such as rape seed and soybean
WCOME in the production of biodiesel for use in diesel
engines (
Altıparmak et al. 2007
;
Felizardo et al. 2006
;
Kaplan et al. 2006
;
Mangesh and Dalai 2006
;
Nachid et al.
2015
;
Selvan and Nagarajan 2013
;
Ulusoy et al.
2004
, 2016). The performance and smoke results obtained
from an electricity generator engine operating on WCOME
showed that the smoke reduction, compared to that of
conventional diesel fuel, was around 60% for B100 (100%
biodiesel) and around 25% for B20 (20% biodiesel)
(Cetinkaya and Karaosmanoglu 2005)
. Dorado et al. (2003)
conducted an 8-mode test using waste olive oil in a
fourstroke, three-cylinder, direct injection, 34 kW engine and
results showed that 8.6% reduction in CO2, a 58.9%
reduction in CO and a 57.7% reduction in SO2 emissions.
However, increases of 8.5% and 32% were observed in
specific fuel consumption and NOx e (...truncated)