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Horizontal control for stable cadastre and Second Military Survey (Franziszeische Landesaufnahme) in Bohemia, Moravia And Silesia
V Cada
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M Vichrova
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Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of West Bohemia
, Univerzitni 22, 306 14 Pilsen,
Czech Republic
The paper deals about significant projects of large scale mapping at the beginning of 19th century in the Habsburg Empire. They have been already based on uniform geodetic horizontal control. Basic parameters and features of Second Military Survey in the territory of the Czech Lands as well as links with project of Stable cadastre are delineated. Technology of establishing the horizontal control (1st order trigonometric networks) is described in detail. Qualitative parameters of geodetically measured data and the survey documentation are analysed. Accuracy analysis of angular measurements and methodology of co-ordinate computations in the Gusterberg coordinate system are also discussed. By means of identical points the horizontal control enables unambiguous transformation from the Gusterberg and St. Stephen co-ordinate systems into the national co-ordinate system (JTSK) or WGS 84 with the accuracy higher than graphical accuracy of original maps. This transformation, published here as the global transformation key (GTK), is of great importance. The results of tests of GTKs compiled separately for Bohemia and Moravia+Silesia together with the analysis of contact zone of both above mentioned historical co-ordinate systems are introduced. As an example of GTK application georeferenced map sheets from Second Military Survey are presented. GTKs are of fundamental importance in unification of heterogeneous geodetic information files of cadastre of real estates in the Czech Republic.
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In the first half of 19th century the project of Second Military Survey (1806
1869; Kretschmer et al. 2004) as well as the mapping for establishing of Stable
cadastre (18171869; Hofstatter 1989) have been realized in Austria. They issued
from the newest scientific knowledge, which has not been surpassed in some aspect
as yet (mapping works based on uniform horizontal control and unified cartographic
means of expression).
In the territory of Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia a modified technology of
topographic maps of Second Military Survey has been used, exploiting reduced
planimetry from the maps of Stable cadastre. Mapping for this campaign was derived from
areal trigonomentric network, which was established systematically and geodetically
measured networks of 1st3rd order. It was further densified by graphical
triangulation (4th order) with the accuracy higher than the accuracy of measuring table
method used in the 1:2 880 cadastral mapping.
Thanks to preservation of the survey documentation field books with
horizontal angles, topographical description of survey stations (Royal trigonometric
cadastral survey. . . (in German), 18241840), computations (angle adjustment in
triangles, co-ordinate computation) and resulting list of co-ordinates (Bohemian
transformation of co-ordinates to the meridian of Prague (in German)) it was
possible to reconstruct horizontal control, analyze the accuracy and to exploite these
values for unambiguous transformation of Stable cadastre co-ordinate systems into
the national co-ordinate reference system JTSK (Uniform Trigonometric Cadastral
Network). This process of exploiting the historical horizontal control has not been
published in the technical literature so far.
Cartographic foundations
Transversal cylindrical projection equidistant both in cartographic meridians
and one tangential geographic meridian (cartographic equator) has been chosen for
construction of maps from Second Military Survey and maps of Stable cadastre.
The geographic meridian passed through the centre of mapped area. The origin of
co-ordinate reference system was a significant station of the trigonometric network,
e.g. Gusterberg or St. Stephen in Vienna (Fig. 1).
Decision to choose more co-ordinate reference systems was motivated by the
effort to compile easily the maps of administrative regions, countries and the whole
state using reduced original maps of Stable cadastre. Another reason was the
necessity to minimize linear distortion of cartographic parallels of selected projection
in marginal parts of represented area to the level of graphical accuracy of maps in
1:2 880 scale.
Fig. 1. Choice of co-ordinate systems
Horizontal control
History of horizontal control in Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia is very extensive.
As early as 18061811 astronomical-geodetical works have been initiated and so in
1819 the whole territory of the Czech Lands was covered with the area trigonometric
network that became a base for Second Military Survey project. These works have
been further developed for the needs of Stable cadastre applying modern scientific
knowledge of that time.
1st order network has been established in Moravia and Silesia (18211826) and
followed in Bohemia (18241825 and 18271840) (Fig. 2). 2nd and 3rd order
networks have been established according to needs of topographic mapping in Moravia
(182 (...truncated)