A comparison of drinking behavior using a harmonized methodology (Liq.In 7 ) in six countries
European Journal of Nutrition
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394
A comparison of drinking behavior using a harmonized methodology (Liq.In7) in six countries
C. Morin 0 1 2 4 5 6
J. Gandy 0 1 2 4 5 6
L. A. Moreno 0 1 2 4 5 6
S. A. Kavouras 0 1 2 4 5 6
H. Martinez 0 1 2 4 5 6
J. Salas‑Salvadó 0 1 2 4 5 6
I. Guelinckx 0 1 2 4 5 6
0 GENUD (Growth , Exercise , NUtrition and Development) Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Universidad de Zaragoza , Zaragoza , Spain
1 School of Life Medical Services, University of Hertfordshire , Hatfield , UK
2 British Dietetic Association , Birmingham , UK
3 I. Guelinckx
4 Biochemistry and Biotechnology Department, Human Nutrition Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili , Reus , Spain
5 Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez , Mexico City , Mexico
6 CIBERobn (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición), Institute of Health Carlos III , Madrid , Spain
Purpose To assess drinking occasions (volume and type) according to consumption with food in or outside meals, and location, for six countries. Methods A total of 10,521 participants aged 4-65 years from Argentina, Brazil, China, Indonesia, Mexico and Uruguay completed a validated 7-day fluid intake record. For each drinking event, the volume consumed, the fluid type, the location of intake, and whether the drink was accompanied by food (meal or snack) or not, was recorded. Results Similar drinking behaviors were found in Mexico and Argentina; fluid intake during meals was 48 and 45% of total fluid intake (TFI), respectively. In Brazil (55%), Indonesia (58%) and China (66%) most fluid was consumed without food. In Uruguay, 34% of TFI was with a main meal, 31% with food between meals and 35% without food. Indonesia had the highest median (25-75th percentile) TFI; 2520 (1750-3347) mL/day, and China the lowest 1138 (818-3347) mL/day. Water was consumed with meals for 37% of Chinese and 87% of Indonesian participants, while the four Latin-American American countries showed a preference for sweet drinks; 54% in Mexico, 67% in Brazil, 55% in Argentina and 59% in Uruguay. Diversity in fluid type was noted when drinking with food between meals. Apart from China, most drinking occasions (> 75%) occurred at home. Conclusions Three distinct drinking behaviors were identified, namely, drinking with meals, drinking as a stand-alone activity, and a type of 'grazing' (i.e., frequent drinks throughout the day) behavior. Most drinking occasions occurred at home.
Beverages; Fluid intake; Water; Hydration; Liq; In7; Behavior
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Department of Hydration and Health, Danone Research,
Route Départemental 128, 91767 Palaiseau, France
Hydration Science Lab, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville,
AR, USA
Division of Endocrinology, University of Arkansas
for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
Introduction
Recent interest in the effects of hydration on health and
disease [
1–4
] has resulted in increased reporting of total
water intake (water from food moisture, drinking water
and all other fluids) or total fluid intake (TFI) in many
populations around the world [
5–8
]. These publications
have identified countries or subpopulations potentially at
risk of health consequences related to hypohydration. As a
result, behavior change programs that encourage
consumption, particularly of healthy options, have been gaining
attention. Ideally these programs should be designed to
target the location and circumstances of consumption that
will have the most impact. However, drinking behavior
needs to be better understood in order to make behavior
change in a particular setting (e.g., at home, in schools
or the workplace). To facilitate a better understanding of
drinking behavior, it is now apposite to study drinking
behaviors in terms of not only what is drunk, but also
when (e.g., with or without food) and where.
Increasingly, food and drink are being consumed
outside the home. For example, in the USA, expenditure on
food away from home increased from nearly 26% of total
expenditure in 1970 to 43% in 2012 [
9
]. This change in
behavior is being echoed in other, less affluent, countries
such as Brazil [
10
]. This is perhaps unsurprising given
the increasing amount of time spent away from home
with increasing leisure time in many countries,
particularly developed countries such as the UK [
11
]. Eating in
food outlets and “on the go” (food consumed away from a
table and usually outside) has been associated with a less
healthy diet [
12
]. A study by Nissensohn et al. [
13
] is one
of the few that has attempted to look at drinking behavior
and relate this to a variety score that in turn relates to
health.
Drinking behavior, like eating behavior, is influenced
by many (...truncated)