A comparison of drinking behavior using a harmonized methodology (Liq.In 7 ) in six countries

European Journal of Nutrition, Jun 2018

Purpose To assess drinking occasions (volume and type) according to consumption with food in or outside meals, and location, for six countries. Methods A total of 10,521 participants aged 4–65 years from Argentina, Brazil, China, Indonesia, Mexico and Uruguay completed a validated 7-day fluid intake record. For each drinking event, the volume consumed, the fluid type, the location of intake, and whether the drink was accompanied by food (meal or snack) or not, was recorded. Results Similar drinking behaviors were found in Mexico and Argentina; fluid intake during meals was 48 and 45% of total fluid intake (TFI), respectively. In Brazil (55%), Indonesia (58%) and China (66%) most fluid was consumed without food. In Uruguay, 34% of TFI was with a main meal, 31% with food between meals and 35% without food. Indonesia had the highest median (25–75th percentile) TFI; 2520 (1750–3347) mL/day, and China the lowest 1138 (818–3347) mL/day. Water was consumed with meals for 37% of Chinese and 87% of Indonesian participants, while the four Latin-American American countries showed a preference for sweet drinks; 54% in Mexico, 67% in Brazil, 55% in Argentina and 59% in Uruguay. Diversity in fluid type was noted when drinking with food between meals. Apart from China, most drinking occasions (> 75%) occurred at home. Conclusions Three distinct drinking behaviors were identified, namely, drinking with meals, drinking as a stand-alone activity, and a type of ‘grazing’ (i.e., frequent drinks throughout the day) behavior. Most drinking occasions occurred at home.

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A comparison of drinking behavior using a harmonized methodology (Liq.In 7 ) in six countries

European Journal of Nutrition https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394 A comparison of drinking behavior using a harmonized methodology (Liq.In7) in six countries C. Morin 0 1 2 4 5 6 J. Gandy 0 1 2 4 5 6 L. A. Moreno 0 1 2 4 5 6 S. A. Kavouras 0 1 2 4 5 6 H. Martinez 0 1 2 4 5 6 J. Salas‑Salvadó 0 1 2 4 5 6 I. Guelinckx 0 1 2 4 5 6 0 GENUD (Growth , Exercise , NUtrition and Development) Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Universidad de Zaragoza , Zaragoza , Spain 1 School of Life Medical Services, University of Hertfordshire , Hatfield , UK 2 British Dietetic Association , Birmingham , UK 3 I. Guelinckx 4 Biochemistry and Biotechnology Department, Human Nutrition Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili , Reus , Spain 5 Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez , Mexico City , Mexico 6 CIBERobn (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición), Institute of Health Carlos III , Madrid , Spain Purpose To assess drinking occasions (volume and type) according to consumption with food in or outside meals, and location, for six countries. Methods A total of 10,521 participants aged 4-65 years from Argentina, Brazil, China, Indonesia, Mexico and Uruguay completed a validated 7-day fluid intake record. For each drinking event, the volume consumed, the fluid type, the location of intake, and whether the drink was accompanied by food (meal or snack) or not, was recorded. Results Similar drinking behaviors were found in Mexico and Argentina; fluid intake during meals was 48 and 45% of total fluid intake (TFI), respectively. In Brazil (55%), Indonesia (58%) and China (66%) most fluid was consumed without food. In Uruguay, 34% of TFI was with a main meal, 31% with food between meals and 35% without food. Indonesia had the highest median (25-75th percentile) TFI; 2520 (1750-3347) mL/day, and China the lowest 1138 (818-3347) mL/day. Water was consumed with meals for 37% of Chinese and 87% of Indonesian participants, while the four Latin-American American countries showed a preference for sweet drinks; 54% in Mexico, 67% in Brazil, 55% in Argentina and 59% in Uruguay. Diversity in fluid type was noted when drinking with food between meals. Apart from China, most drinking occasions (> 75%) occurred at home. Conclusions Three distinct drinking behaviors were identified, namely, drinking with meals, drinking as a stand-alone activity, and a type of 'grazing' (i.e., frequent drinks throughout the day) behavior. Most drinking occasions occurred at home. Beverages; Fluid intake; Water; Hydration; Liq; In7; Behavior - Department of Hydration and Health, Danone Research, Route Départemental 128, 91767 Palaiseau, France Hydration Science Lab, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA Division of Endocrinology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA Introduction Recent interest in the effects of hydration on health and disease [ 1–4 ] has resulted in increased reporting of total water intake (water from food moisture, drinking water and all other fluids) or total fluid intake (TFI) in many populations around the world [ 5–8 ]. These publications have identified countries or subpopulations potentially at risk of health consequences related to hypohydration. As a result, behavior change programs that encourage consumption, particularly of healthy options, have been gaining attention. Ideally these programs should be designed to target the location and circumstances of consumption that will have the most impact. However, drinking behavior needs to be better understood in order to make behavior change in a particular setting (e.g., at home, in schools or the workplace). To facilitate a better understanding of drinking behavior, it is now apposite to study drinking behaviors in terms of not only what is drunk, but also when (e.g., with or without food) and where. Increasingly, food and drink are being consumed outside the home. For example, in the USA, expenditure on food away from home increased from nearly 26% of total expenditure in 1970 to 43% in 2012 [ 9 ]. This change in behavior is being echoed in other, less affluent, countries such as Brazil [ 10 ]. This is perhaps unsurprising given the increasing amount of time spent away from home with increasing leisure time in many countries, particularly developed countries such as the UK [ 11 ]. Eating in food outlets and “on the go” (food consumed away from a table and usually outside) has been associated with a less healthy diet [ 12 ]. A study by Nissensohn et al. [ 13 ] is one of the few that has attempted to look at drinking behavior and relate this to a variety score that in turn relates to health. Drinking behavior, like eating behavior, is influenced by many (...truncated)


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C. Morin, J. Gandy, L. A. Moreno, S. A. Kavouras, H. Martinez, J. Salas-Salvadó, I. Guelinckx. A comparison of drinking behavior using a harmonized methodology (Liq.In 7 ) in six countries, European Journal of Nutrition, 2018, pp. 101-112, Volume 57, Issue 3, DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-1744-8