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Remote monitoring system for real time detection and classification of transmission line faults in a power grid using PMU measurements
Gopakumar et al. Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems
Remote monitoring system for real time detection and classification of transmission line faults in a power grid using PMU measurements
Pathirikkat Gopakumar 2
Balimidi Mallikajuna 0
Maddikara Jaya Bharata Reddy 0
Dusmanta Kumar Mohanta 1
0 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, National Institute of Technology , Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu 620015 , India
1 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering , BITS Mesra, Ranchi , India
2 Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology , Calicut, Kerala , India
Remote monitoring of transmission lines of a power system is significant for improved reliability and stability during fault conditions and protection system breakdowns. This paper proposes a smart backup monitoring system for detecting and classifying the type of transmission line fault occurred in a power grid. In contradiction to conventional methods, transmission line fault occurred at any locality within power grid can be identified and classified using measurements from phasor measurement unit (PMU) at one of the generator buses. This minimal requirement makes the proposed methodology ideal for providing backup protection. Spectral analysis of equivalent power factor angle (EPFA) variation has been adopted for detecting the occurrence of fault that occurred anywhere in the grid. Classification of the type of fault occurred is achieved from the spectral coefficients with the aid of artificial intelligence. The proposed system can considerably assist system protection center (SPC) in fault localization and to restore the line at the earliest. Effectiveness of proposed system has been validated using case studies conducted on standard power system networks.
Phasor measurement unit (PMU); Backup protection; Fault classification; Support vector machine (SVM); Equivalent power factor angle (EPFA)
1 Introduction
Real time backup monitoring system for transmission
lines is quintessential for stable and reliable operation of
any power grid. Such backup system plays a crucial role
during power grid fault conditions and protection
system breakdowns [
1–5
]. Hence, such methodologies are
gaining much research attraction in recent years [
6–11
].
Emerging phasor measurement units (PMUs) facilitate
realization of remote monitoring system for transmission
lines using global positioning system (GPS) and wide
area communication systems. Backup monitoring
systems based on PMUs are being developed and tested
across the globe. Major functionalities of such remote
backup monitoring system are detecting and
classifying the transmission line faults occurred in a power
grid [
12–15
].
Numerous researches have been presented in
literature for transmission line fault detection and
classification using PMUs. Major research works are
enumerated here. Fault classification scheme based
on SVMs for preventing incorrect operation of
conventional distance relays was presented in reference
[
15
]. However, the paper does not discuss about
discrimination of faulty phases. Reference [
16
] proposed
protection method based on PMU measurements for
transposed and un-transposed transmission lines.
Although the proposed scheme detects the fault, no
method was presented to classify the type of fault.
Fault detection, classification and location using
PMU measurements was presented in reference [
17
].
But influence of fault resistance (FR) and fault
inception angle (FIA) on fault classification was not
studied. Fault location technique for multi-terminal
transmission lines was presented in reference [
18
].
The paper did not discuss about fault classification.
Technical issues associated with fault diagnosis based
on the data acquired from intelligent electronic
devices (IEDs) were discussed in reference [
19
]. It can
be perceived from the literature that majority of the
fault detection and classification methods presented
are focused on specific transmission line
configurations. Fault monitoring of whole power grid require
execution of these methods for all transmission lines.
This may not be feasible in practice or incur
increased overall cost when employed in as backup
protection system.
This paper proposes a remote backup fault
monitoring system for detecting and classifying all types of
transmission lines faults occurred anywhere in a
power grid. The system can achieve the functionalities
using PMU measurements at any one of the generator
buses. Frequency domain analysis of equivalent power
factor angle (EPFA) is employed for detecting the
fault. Classification of the fault is achieved with the
aid of artificial intelligence. Proposed methodologies
studied and validated on WSCC-9 (Western system
coordinating council) bus system and IEEE-39 bus
system.
Precise detection and classification of fault
occurred at any locality of a power grid with minimal
measurements form the major contribution of this
paper. Th (...truncated)