Netherlands 2 & Sonja A. Swanson 3 Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology , Boston , USA 4 Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , USA Sometimes
Netherlands 1 Sonja A. Swanson Purpose of review When leveraging observational data to estimate treatment effects, it is useful to explicitly specify the “target trial” the investigators aspire to emulate. One
the ubiquity and importance of causal dia- grams within epidemiology is evidenced by four articles presented in this issue of the European Journal of Epi Sonja A. Swanson 0 1 0 Department of
. Hernán 0 1 0 Kresge Building , 9th Floor, Boston, MA 02115 ( 1 Author affiliations: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts (Sonja A. Swanson, James M. Robins