Identification on Mantle Cell Lymphoma Using CD20 and CD5 Coupled Upconversion Fluorescent Nanoprobes

Journal of Nanomaterials, May 2018

In order to determine a particular tumor cell via nanomaterials, we introduce the preparation of CD20 and CD5 coupled nanoprobes (denoted as CD20 and CD5 nanoprobes for convenience) and an application in identification of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) from B-cell lymphoma. In this work, CD20 and CD5 nanoprobes were prepared by selectively oxidizing the carbon-carbon double bonds of oleate ligands on the surfaces of NaYF4:Yb3

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Identification on Mantle Cell Lymphoma Using CD20 and CD5 Coupled Upconversion Fluorescent Nanoprobes

Identification on Mantle Cell Lymphoma Using CD20 and CD5 Coupled Upconversion Fluorescent Nanoprobes Mingkai Zhang,1 Yang Gao,2 Jialiang Wang,3 Zhanbo Liu,2 Zaishun Jin,2 Jianbo Yu,2 Yukuan Feng,2 and Qiang Lü2 1Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Jiangxi 330031, China 2Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Mudanjiang Medical University, Heilongjiang 157011, China 3Division of Medicament, Mudanjiang Hongqi Hospital, Heilongjiang 157011, China Correspondence should be addressed to Qiang Lü; moc.621@eulgnaiq Received 11 January 2018; Accepted 25 March 2018; Published 2 May 2018 Academic Editor: Paulo Cesar Morais Copyright © 2018 Mingkai Zhang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract In order to determine a particular tumor cell via nanomaterials, we introduce the preparation of CD20 and CD5 coupled nanoprobes (denoted as CD20 and CD5 nanoprobes for convenience) and an application in identification of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) from B-cell lymphoma. In this work, CD20 and CD5 nanoprobes were prepared by selectively oxidizing the carbon-carbon double bonds of oleate ligands on the surfaces of NaYF4:Yb3+,Tm3+ and NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+ nanoparticles and, respectively, coupling carboxyl groups on the particles’ surfaces with CD20 and CD5 monoclonal antibodies through EDC/NHS crosslinking agents. After in situ hybridized Jeko-1 cells and Raji cells as a reference with CD20 and CD5 nanoprobes, in vitro double-color upconversion fluorescence imaging of Jeko-1 cells was demonstrated through visualization of blue and green fluorescence under a 980 nm laser excitation. Moreover, in vivo upconversion fluorescence imaging of the transplanted cancer model was also measured. These experimental results indicate that Jeko-1 cells have been specifically labeled by CD20 and CD5 nanoprobes. It is therefore concluded that CD20 and CD5 nanoprobes could be used to specially differentiate mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) from B-cell lymphoma. 1. Introduction In optical biomedical imaging, dye markers such as hematoxylin-eosin staining (HE stain) are usually utilized as exogenous contrast agents to highlight the focuses and provide more detailed information on pathology and pathogeny of disease [1, 2]. When using these dyes, optical imaging only fulfills conventional biomedical research and clinical diagnosis because these dyes do not specifically distinguish pathological tissues. Fortunately, photoluminescence imaging, with the aid of organic fluorophores typified by rhodamine and cyanine dye, can make up the insufficiency of optical imaging [3, 4]. These organic fluorophores help to identify the natures of cells in medical research and clinical diagnostics/therapeutics. Unfortunately, these organic fluorophores have suffered some shortcomings [5–7]: (i) smaller spectral shifts between emission and excitation light could increase excitation-light-induced background and reduce signal-noise ratio of photoluminescence imaging. (ii) Photobleaching of organic fluorophores at high illumination intensity limits bioapplications of photoluminescence imaging in early detection, screening, and image-guided therapy of life-threatening diseases. In order to overcome the photobleaching of organic fluorophores, novel inorganic fluorescence semiconductor quantum dots (QDots) obtain rapid development since 1998 [8]. The QDots display several spectral features. One is that the emission spectra of homogeneous sized QDots are about twofold narrower than those of typical cyanine dye; another is that the QDots absorption wavelengths are much shorter and broader than organic fluorophores, allowing excitation with a spectrally wide light source [9]. Finally, the QDots have more photostability against photobleaching than organic fluorophores [10], which indicates that it is possible for the QDots to label internal cellular structures. Thus, the QDots conjugated to biomolecules via antigen-antibody biochemical reactions can serve as photoluminescence biolabels. However, there has been a serious safety problem in substituting the QDots for organic fluorophores in the bioimaging and clinical diagnosis of living samples because toxicity of cadmium and excitation at short wavelengths can cause serious damage to living cells. Based on anti-Stokes-shifted photoluminescence, another novel inorganic fluorophore is lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles, which are capable of converting longer wavelength radiation into shorter wavelength fluorescence via a stepwise photon governance mechanism in the intra-4fn energy levels of lanthanide ions [11–13]. Hence, a safe excitation mode is the most unusual advantages of lanthanide-doped nanoparticles for bioimaging application. It is well known that infrared radiation with a wavelength o (...truncated)


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Mingkai Zhang, Yang Gao, Jialiang Wang, Zhanbo Liu, Zaishun Jin, Jianbo Yu, Yukuan Feng, Qiang Lü. Identification on Mantle Cell Lymphoma Using CD20 and CD5 Coupled Upconversion Fluorescent Nanoprobes, Journal of Nanomaterials, 2018, 2018, DOI: 10.1155/2018/3893761