Number-of-translation norms for Dutch—English translation pairs: A new tool for examining language production

JUDITH F. KROLL 0 1 0 Pennsylvania State University, University Park , Pennsylvania 1 NATASHA TOKOWICZ Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania We collected number-of-translation norms on 562 Dutch-English translation pairs from several previous studies of cross-language processing. Participants were highly proficient Dutch-English bilinguals. Form and semantic similarity ratings were collected on the 1,003 possible translation pairs. Approximately 40% of the translations were rated as being similar across languages with respect to spelling/sound (i.e., they were cognates). Approximately 45% of the translations were rated as being highly semantically similar across languages. At least 25% of the words in each direction of translation had more than one translation. The form similarity ratings were found to be highly reliable even when obtained with different bilinguals and modified rating procedures. Number of translations and meaning factors significantly predicted the semantic similarity of translation pairs. In future research, these norms may be used to determine the number of translations of words to control for or study this factor. These norms are available at http://www.talkbank.org/norms/tokowicz/. METHOD Measure Age (years) Age began L2 (years) Time studied L2 (years) L2 immersion experience (months) L2 reading ability L2 writing ability L2 conversation ability L2 speech comprehension ability Number of Translation Norms Similarity Norms Table 3 Number-of-Translations Data for the 562 Translation Pairs by Direction of Translation Measure Number of translations Number of meanings translated Percentage of expected translation Percentage of synonym translations Percentage of other meaning translations Percentage of verb translations Percentage of colloquial translations Percentage of unclassified correct translations Percentage of incorrect translations Percentage of omitted translations RESULTS AND DISCUSSIO N Similarity Ratings Dutch to English English to Dutch 1 2 3 4 Number of Distinct Translations Dutch to English English to Dutch 0 1 2 3 Number of Meanings Translated 1. Semantic similarity rating 2. Form similarity rating 5. Dutch concreteness 6. English concreteness 7. Dutch context availability 8. English context availability *p < .05. **p < .01. Table 4 7 2.29** 2.13** 2.16** 2.27** 2.82** 2.80** 8 2.34** 2.14** 2.16** 2.21** 2.71** 2.80** 2.77** CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES NOTES Examples dress pen arrival Completely Different Meaning Exactly the Same Low Similarity Spelling/Sound High Similarity APPENDIX B Form and Semantic Similarity Ratings for All Word Pairs Form Similarity Semantic Similarity Form Similarity Semantic Similarity Dutch Word English Word 2.62 2.38 1.38 1.25 6.12 1.12 1.12 1.00 1.00 5.12 1.25 1.12 1.25 5.75 2.00 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.43 1.12 6.62 2.75 6.00 6.12 1.38 1.50 5.50 5.62 5.12 6.38 1.29 1.12 6.88 4.00 1.25 4.25 4.62 4.88 7.00 1.38 1.00 1.12 6.88 7.00 6.00 6.50 5.88 7.00 6.38 6.88 7.00 7.00 5.88 6.62 6.75 6.88 6.29 6.12 7.00 5.88 6.29 6.00 7.00 7.00 6.75 7.00 5.88 6.75 6.88 7.00 5.88 7.00 5.57 6.62 5.88 5.62 6.75 6.29 6.38 5.75 6.75 6.25 6.62 5.75 Dutch Word English Word 2.38 3.38 1.12 2.00 1.12 1.12 1.25 1.25 1.75 1.00 1.38 1.00 1.12 1.25 1.75 1.38 1.43 1.38 1.12 1.12 1.75 1.38 1.29 1.25 1.25 1.00 1.25 1.25 6.12 1.25 4.38 1.12 4.88 1.38 5.75 1.14 1.38 1.88 6.75 1.62 6.12 1.12 6.00 5.88 5.38 6.88 6.88 7.00 6.50 6.75 6.00 6.00 7.00 6.88 5.62 6.88 6.88 6.88 6.86 6.50 7.00 6.62 6.50 6.38 6.86 6.38 6.62 6.25 6.75 5.62 6.88 5.88 7.00 4.88 7.00 6.75 6.50 6.25 3.00 6.75 6.88 6.88 6.62 4.12 APPENDIX B (Continued) Form Similarity Semantic Similarity Form Similarity Semantic Similarity Dutch Word English Word 4.12 5.62 1.00 6.25 1.12 1.12 5.43 2.50 1.25 1.38 1.38 1.29 2.38 1.25 6.12 1.12 5.00 2.38 2.12 1.50 1.25 2.12 3.12 1.00 1.12 1.12 3.71 5.62 5.38 1.12 1.25 7.00 2.75 6.38 3.25 1.43 5.88 2.00 5.75 5.75 3.38 5.38 5.50 6.12 2.50 1.12 2.62 2.50 1.12 7.00 1.25 6.25 4.75 1.12 1.38 1.14 5.00 1.62 1.43 1.12 1.50 1.62 5.25 1.88 1.12 1.25 5.29 6.17 4.75 6.62 6.00 7.00 6.88 7.00 6.71 5.75 6.62 6.00 6.88 6.86 5.25 6.38 6.88 6.50 6.38 6.43 6.50 6.75 5.62 5.50 6.88 6.38 6.75 6.50 7.00 6.62 7.00 6.38 6.88 3.50 5.38 6.88 2.88 6.43 6.38 6.62 6.25 7.00 3.25 6.12 6.12 7.00 6.75 6.88 6.12 6.38 4.38 5.71 6.62 6.62 7.00 6.12 6.62 4.29 7.00 6.25 6.00 6.88 6.88 5.88 6.88 6.75 7.00 6.88 7.00 6.86 Dutch Word English Word 5.86 4.12 6.25 6.00 1.38 1.75 1.12 1.38 3.62 1.25 2.38 1.62 2.50 1.62 1.62 1.62 4.38 1.12 3.00 1.57 2.88 1.38 1.12 2.75 1.62 6.12 3.50 1.50 1.50 2.75 1.12 1.25 1.00 1.25 1.25 1.50 1.25 1.38 1.38 1.12 2.25 1.14 5.50 5.88 1.12 1.12 5.62 1.62 1.25 1.75 5.88 1.75 1.75 2.25 1.14 3.25 1.00 1.25 1.00 1.50 1.38 5.71 6.88 1.25 1.62 4.62 6.75 1.38 3.29 6.88 6.88 7.00 4.12 7.00 6.88 7.00 6.00 6.50 6.25 6.62 6.50 7.00 6.12 4.75 6.88 6.75 7.00 5.86 6.88 6.38 6.12 6.75 6.75 6.50 6.62 7.00 5.25 6.38 6.88 3.25 6.25 6.50 6.38 6.14 6.38 7.00 6.75 6.88 6.88 5.00 6.88 7.00 6.38 2.50 7.00 6.12 6.88 6.62 6.12 6.62 6.75 6.75 6.29 6.00 4.25 7.00 6.75 6.38 5.88 5.00 6.75 7.00 7.00 6.62 6.62 6.38 APPENDIX B (Continued) Form Similarity Semantic Similarity Form Similarity Semantic Similarity Dutch Word English Word 1.25 7.00 1.88 5.00 1.62 1.25 1.12 1.25 1.00 2.12 1.25 2.88 1.29 1.00 1.00 1.25 1.38 1.25 1.50 1.38 1.12 1.12 3.75 1.38 1.25 1.25 1.38 1.12 2.62 1.62 1.50 1.25 1.50 1.12 1.00 2.88 2.50 1.00 1.00 1.12 1.50 6.88 1.12 6.00 6.88 1.75 5.62 1.00 1.38 1.12 1.25 1.38 1.12 1.00 3.25 3.88 1.43 5.88 1.12 1.12 1.38 1.62 1.12 1.12 2.88 1.25 1.62 5.25 5.50 6.75 5.50 5.88 6.62 7.00 6.86 6.75 5.88 6.88 6.50 6.88 6.86 6.88 7.00 6.50 6.25 6.50 6.38 7.00 5.50 6.88 6.75 6.62 6.38 6.75 6.62 4.50 6.88 6.62 6.38 7.00 6.38 7.00 7.00 6.50 6.50 6.62 6.75 6.88 7.00 5.25 6.88 7.00 7.00 6.50 7.00 6.75 6.12 6.75 6.88 6.75 6.50 7.00 6.50 6.25 5.43 6.75 6.50 5.75 6.25 5.75 6.88 7.00 5.38 6.88 7.00 6.88 Dutch Word English Word 1.38 7.00 1.25 1.38 1.00 1.12 1.12 1.38 1.00 5.00 1.38 6.88 1.00 1.00 1.38 4.50 3.71 1.43 4.25 1.38 6.62 4.88 1.75 1.12 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.12 1.12 1.12 5.50 1.12 1.12 1.38 5.25 1.75 5.25 4.25 1.12 4.62 1.12 1.75 1.12 1.25 5.38 1.00 1.75 1.14 3.12 5.88 2.25 6.12 5.62 3.25 1.75 1.38 1.43 1.25 6.12 6.57 4.75 5.00 1.25 2.25 1.25 5.75 1.12 5.88 3.88 6.88 7.00 6.38 7.00 5.88 7.00 5.75 5.25 6.88 6.88 4.50 6.75 6.62 6.38 6.00 6.00 5.57 7.00 6.62 7.00 7.00 5.62 6.88 6.62 6.12 6.50 6.25 6.62 5.25 6.75 6.88 6.88 6.00 6.12 7.00 6.88 6.88 4.50 5.75 6.88 6.62 6.75 6.12 7.00 5.75 6.75 6.57 6.62 6.75 6.62 4.88 7.00 6.88 6.75 5.88 6.71 5.62 7.00 7.00 5.88 6.75 5.62 6.75 6.50 6.00 6.12 7.00 APPENDIX B (Continued) Form Similarity Semantic Similarity Form Similarity Semantic Similarity Dutch Word English Word 1.12 1.25 1.25 1.25 3.25 5.00 1.38 1.00 1.25 1.25 1.25 3.62 1.12 4.50 2.62 1.25 2.12 1.50 5.75 1.12 5.50 1.62 1.25 5.88 4.00 6.25 5.00 1.75 1.38 1.00 1.62 1.12 1.25 1.88 1.12 1.25 4.12 2.00 3.62 1.25 1.25 1.6 (...truncated)