Pre-Jurassic Basement of the Greater Caucasus: Brief Overview

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, May 2011

The main units of the Greater Caucasus pre-Jurassic basement are represented by Svanetian and North-Caucasian domains brought together tectonically. The former includes continuous Devonian to Upper Triassic marine sequence devoid of any manifestation of Variscan orogenic activity. In contrast, within the limits of the North-Caucasian domain the Variscan events are expressed in classical form. This domain is very heterogeneous and contains both metamorphosed and unmetamorphosed formations. Till recently the former was considered by most authors to be mainly Proterozoic. New geochronological data indicate that the predominant part of these complexes is Palaeozoic in their protolith age. Lithology, P/T conditions of metamorphism, types of associated granitoids and other features are changing drastically from zone to zone demonstrating a collage (terrane)-type structure. The southernmost Laba and Buulgen LP/HT metamorphic complexes are essentially mafic, include I-type metagranitoids and originated in island-arc and ensimatic marginal sea environments. Steep tightly compressed SW-vergent folds, partly as a result of the Early Alpine deformation, are developed. Palaeontological and U-Pb TIMS, SHRIMP and other data yielded mostly Middle Palaeozoic ages for these complexes. Next to the north of the Makera and Gondaray complexes of the Main Range zone are also of LP/HT type but they are typical ensialic and are replaced by huge masses of the Upper Palaeozoic S-type granite. Gentle monocline and dome-like position of foliation is characteristic for this zone. Zircon dating had established Silurian and Devonian age of the Gondaray complex metamagmatic rocks, and mostly Ordovician of the Makera complex ones. Zircon of migmatite's leucosome showed the Late Palaeozoic age of the peak metamorphism, which occurred almost synchronously with the S-granite crystallization. The Fore Range zone is characterized by column of pre-Upper Palaeozoic nappes. Its lowermost unit, the Blyb complex of krystallinikum, previously has been considered by most authors as an old (Proterozoic) basement for the overlying Middle Palaeozoic greenstone island arc sequences. New data indicate that the Blyb complex is an essentially ensimatic HP/LT formation partly coeval to the island arc. It forms a dome-like tectonic window cut in the arc and overlying ophiolite and the Atsgara metamorphic nappes. The Pass area of the Main Range is supposed to be the root zone of these nappes. The northernmost pre-Jurassic tectonic zone of the Greater Caucasus is Bechasyn. It includes a greenschist (-blueschist?) basement and transgressive sedimentary cover. New data on zircons demonstrated that both units are Lower Palaeozoic although tectonic wedges of Cadomian basement also exist there. The data permit to propose that in the Middle Palaeozoic the main subduction zone of the Greater Caucasus was disposed in the Fore Range zone and magmatic and metamorphic events within the Main Range were probably connected with activity of this zone.

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Pre-Jurassic Basement of the Greater Caucasus: Brief Overview

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences (Turkish J. Earth Sci.), Vol.M.L. 20, 2011, pp. 545–610. Copyright ©TÜBİTAK SOMIN doi:10.3906/yer-1008-6 First published online 10 May 2011 Pre-Jurassic Basement of the Greater Caucasus: Brief Overview MARK L. SOMIN Institute of Physics of the Earth RAS, 10 Bolshaya Gruzinskaya str., Moscow, Russia (E-mail: ) Received 15 October; revised typescripts receipt 28 March 2011 & 29 April 2011; accepted 10 May 2011 Abstract: The main units of the Greater Caucasus pre-Jurassic basement are represented by Svanetian and NorthCaucasian domains brought together tectonically. The former includes continuous Devonian to Upper Triassic marine sequence devoid of any manifestation of Variscan orogenic activity. In contrast, within the limits of the North-Caucasian domain the Variscan events are expressed in classical form. This domain is very heterogeneous and contains both metamorphosed and unmetamorphosed formations. Till recently the former was considered by most authors to be mainly Proterozoic. New geochronological data indicate that the predominant part of these complexes is Palaeozoic in their protolith age. Lithology, P/T conditions of metamorphism, types of associated granitoids and other features are changing drastically from zone to zone demonstrating a collage (terrane)-type structure. The southernmost Laba and Buulgen LP/HT metamorphic complexes are essentially mafic, include I-type metagranitoids and originated in island-arc and ensimatic marginal sea environments. Steep tightly compressed SWvergent folds, partly as a result of the Early Alpine deformation, are developed. Palaeontological and U-Pb TIMS, SHRIMP and other data yielded mostly Middle Palaeozoic ages for these complexes. Next to the north of the Makera and Gondaray complexes of the Main Range zone are also of LP/HT type but they are typical ensialic and are replaced by huge masses of the Upper Palaeozoic S-type granite. Gentle monocline and dome-like position of foliation is characteristic for this zone. Zircon dating had established Silurian and Devonian age of the Gondaray complex metamagmatic rocks, and mostly Ordovician of the Makera complex ones. Zircon of migmatite’s leucosome showed the Late Palaeozoic age of the peak metamorphism, which occurred almost synchronously with the S-granite crystallization. The Fore Range zone is characterized by column of pre-Upper Palaeozoic nappes. Its lowermost unit, the Blyb complex of krystallinikum, previously has been considered by most authors as an old (Proterozoic) basement for the overlying Middle Palaeozoic greenstone island arc sequences. New data indicate that the Blyb complex is an essentially ensimatic HP/LT formation partly coeval to the island arc. It forms a dome-like tectonic window cut in the arc and overlying ophiolite and the Atsgara metamorphic nappes. The Pass area of the Main Range is supposed to be the root zone of these nappes. The northernmost pre-Jurassic tectonic zone of the Greater Caucasus is Bechasyn. It includes a greenschist (–blueschist?) basement and transgressive sedimentary cover. New data on zircons demonstrated that both units are Lower Palaeozoic although tectonic wedges of Cadomian basement also exist there. The data permit to propose that in the Middle Palaeozoic the main subduction zone of the Greater Caucasus was disposed in the Fore Range zone and magmatic and metamorphic events within the Main Range were probably connected with activity of this zone. Key Words: Greater Caucasus, Palaeozoic, metamorphic complexes, granitoids, structure, U-Pb dating Büyük Kafkasların Jura Öncesi Temeli Özet: Büyük Kafkasların Jura öncesi temeli tektonik olarak yanyana gelmiş Svanetiyen ve Kuzey-Kafkas bölgelerinden oluşur. Svanetiyen bölgesi Variskan orojenik olaylarının gözlenmediği Devoniyen’den Triyas’a kadar sürekli sedimantasyon gösteren bir istif ile tanımlanır. Buna karşın, Kuzey-Kafkas bölgesinde klasik Variskan orojenik olaylar yer alır. Çok heterojen olan Kuzey-Kafkas bölgesi içinde metamorfik ve metamorfik olmayan formasyonlar bulunur. Yakın zamana kadar bu bölgedeki metamorfik birimler Proterzoyik yaşlı olarak kabul edilmekteydi. Buna karşın yeni jeokronolojik veriler metamorfik komplekslerin ana kayalarının genellikle Paleozoyik yaşta olduğunu göstermiştir. Kuzey-Kafkas bölgesi içinde metamorfik birimlerin litolojileri, metamorfizma tipleri, metamorfizmayla ilişkili granitoidler ve diğer özellikler bölgeden bölgeye değişiklik gösterir ve Kuzey-Kafkas bölgesinin bir mıntıkalar (terrane) topluluğu olduğuna işaret eder. 545 PRE-JURASSIC BASEMENT OF THE CAUCASUS Kuzey-Kafkas bölgesinin en güneyinde yer alan Laba ve Buulgen DB/YS (düşük basınç / yüksek sıcaklık) metamorfik kompleksleri mafik özelliktedir ve ada-yaylarında ve ensimatik kenar denizlerde oluşan I-tipi metagranitoidler içerir. Bu bölgede kısmen erken Alpin olaylar sonucu oluşmuş güneybatıya verjanslı, dik sıkışık kıvrımlar gözlenir. Paleontolojik bulgular ve U-Pb TIMS, SHRIMP verileri Laba ve Buulgen komplekslerinin orta Paleozoyik yaşında olduğuna işaret eder. Laba ve Buulgen komplekslerinin kuzeyinde Ana Kuşak zonunda (Main Range Zone) yer alan Makera ve Gondaray kompleksleri ensialiktir ve baskın olarak Geç Paleozoyik yaşlı S-tipi granitoidlerden yapılmıştır. Bu bölge için tipik yapısal stil foliasyonun yumuşak domsal yapısı ve yumuşak monoklinallerdir. Zirkon yaş tayinleri Gondaray kompleksi metamagmatik kayalarının Siluryen ve Devoniyen yaşında, benzer kayaların Makera Kompleksinde ise Ordovisyen yaşında olduğunu göstermiştir. Migmatit lökosomundan elde edilen zirkon yaşları metamorfizma zirvesinin, S-tipi granit kristalleşmesi ile eşyaşlı olarak, Geç Paleozyik yaşında olduğuna işaret eder. Ön Kuşak Zonu (Fore Range zone) Geç Paleozoyik öncesi naplar ile karakterize olur. Bu zonda en altta yer alan ve kristalen kayalardan oluşan Blyb Kompleksi geçmişte, daha üstte bulunan orta Paleozoyik yaşta ada yayı mafik kayalarının temeli olarak kabul edilmiştir. Yeni veriler Blyb Kompleksi’nin, üstteki ada-yayı kayaları ile benzer yaşta, bir ensimatik yüksek basınç-düşük sucaklık (YB/DS) kompleksi olduğunu göstermiştir. Blyb Kompleksi üstte yer alan adayayı, ofiyolit ve metamorfik napların altından dom şeklinde bir tektonik pencerede yüzeyler. Bu napların köken zonu Ana Kuşak zonundaki Pass bölgesi olarak kabul edilir. Büyük Kafkasların Jura-öncesi en kuzey zonu, eskiden yeşilşist fasiyesinde bir temel ve sedimenter bir örtüden oluştuğu kabul edilen Bechasyn Kompleksi’dir. Yeni zirkon verileri her iki birimin de Erken Paleozoyik yaşında olduğuna işaret eder; buna karşın Kadomiyen yaşlı ufak dilimler bu bölgede bulunabilir. Veriler orta Paleozoyik’de Büyük Kafkaslar’da ana dalma-batma zonunun Ön Kuşak zonunda bulunduğunu ve Ana Kuşak Zonu’ndaki magmatik ve metamorfik olayların bu dalma-batmaya bağlı olarak geliştiğini göstermektedir. Anahtar Sözcükler: Büyük Kafkaslar, Paleozoyik, metamorfik kompleks, granitoyidler, yapı, U-Pb yaş tayini In (...truncated)


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MARK L. SOMIN. Pre-Jurassic Basement of the Greater Caucasus: Brief Overview, Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 2011, pp. 545-610, Volume 5, Issue 20, DOI: 10.3906/sag-1207-72