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modified the scope and principal philosophy of the SMPA by removing the previously required “substantial detriment to economic competition” as the pre-condition of the applicability of the Act. However ... The regulation of so-called “buying power” of large retail chains, especially in the agro-food sector, has been a topic of lively debate in the Czech Republic both in the political and legal-theory
pressure on the political and regulatory decision-makers. This case has not featured yet in the scientific discussion on the open access in the passenger rail markets in Europe and the main aim of this ... challenging traditional air carriers, which seems to be one of several distinctive properties of the Polish case. By the strategic use (or abuse) of the political process, PKP IC tried to put its competitor at
context, because it is connected to deep interdependencies between markets and economies, often based on political or even geo-political considerations. This is currently particularly noticeable, among ... , geo-political considerations correlated with security and defence policy, other political risk factors, economic risk factors and energy poverty, as well as technological and environmental risk factors
mutual dependency. In terms of methodology, the paper proposes to structurally separate competition from consumer welfare. This technique is successfully applied in the domain of legal philosophy when the ... a Discovery Procedure”, [in:] F. A. von Hayek, New studies in philosophy, politics, economics, and the history of ideas, Taylor & Francis, 1978: “[C]ompetition is valuable only because, and so far as
Kosovo including: the political, legal and economical situation in the field of competition law; the legal bases for the protection of competition in Kosovo; the Kosovo Competition Authority and the ... operation and a prohibition). Except for the LPC, a separate Law on State Aid regulates the granting of state aid and its unacceptable cases. 1. The historical and political context of Kosovo The Republic
unprecedented sovereign indebtedness in Europe, and contributed to an increased economic and political instability of the EU, particularly in its most vulnerable CEE segment. ... State budget and deficit) has developed as of 2011 that has further led to a political crisis in several EU countries, especially in Greece, the UK and Spain. These problems are connected to the State aid
requisite political support, the article elaborates some nuanced improvements which could be implemented.
1969, p. 208–209; K. Marx, The Poverty of Philosophy, Chapter Two: ‘The Metaphysics of Political Economy’ Section 3: ‘Competition and Monopoly’, first published in Paris and Brussels in 1847, available ... at https://www. marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1847 /poverty-philosophy/ (accessed 06.11.2015) . 9 Instead of a gradual transition, Georgia experienced a ‘shock therapy’ after the Soviet Union
Three experiments studied the hedonicity of decision making. Participants rated their pleasure/displeasure while reading item-sentences describing political and social problems followed by different ... principle consisted in presenting two questionnaires dealing with political and social problems. Because Grammar, Mathematics, Aggressiveness and Ethics had been studied in our previous studies, we explored
proved case by case. Second, standards of proof accomplish a moral function. They change according to the interests at stake in a specific context, i.e. according to the political and moral sustainability ... are decision-making rules which (i) require and entail a cognitive effort that, at the moment, no jurisdiction establishes in detail, and (ii) whose height changes according to the political and moral
representative in philosophy of science. As shown in the Table, strictly speaking, the argument from analogy means that only simulations can be treated as models. Moreover, the Table also underlines the ... ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle ScholarBaird D. Thing knowledge: a philosophy of scientific instruments. Berkeley: University of California Press; 2004.Google ScholarBakshi VP, Kalin NH. Animal models and
Three experiments studied the hedonicity of decision making. Participants rated their pleasure/displeasure while reading item-sentences describing political and social problems followed by different ... principle consisted in presenting two questionnaires dealing with political and social problems. Because Grammar, Mathematics, Aggressiveness and Ethics had been studied in our previous studies, we explored
Neutrality when taken in its broadest political sense. Indeed, who would argue against universal access to the Internet; information qua fundamental societal value; or the idea that everyone should have the ... opportunity to communicate with a global audience? The rhetoric of Net Neutrality, its conversion into a political manifesto of ‘digital liberty’, into an existential precondition of the Internet as such, has
. Massoud TF , Hademenos GJ , Young WL , Gao E , Pile-Spellman J , Vinuela F : Principles and philosophy of modeling in biomedical research . FASEB J 1998 , 12 : 275 - 285 . 27. Frazer A , Morilak DA : What ... therapeutics for Tourette Syndrome . Pharmacol Ther 2005 , 108 : 281 - 293 . 64. Wright CD : Animal models of depression in neuropsychopharmacology qua Feyerabend philosophy of science . In Advances in
Though heavily criticized, the Kyoto Protocol has stood out as the key political tool in addressing climate change. However, one of the few instruments that allows industrialized and developing
system; it is shaped by legal tradition, the judiciary, and social and political inputs. Many factors, including historical ones, influence the competition law system. Additionally, competition law ‘in ... error costs’ (Baye & Wright, 2011, p. 1). Given that economic grounds, political, social and historical factors shape competition law, this article addresses the collective redress opt-out system, which
regulatory choices by providing regulators with incentives. These incentives will be the instrument of influence and source of regulatory capture. Incentives may include bribes or payments for political ... purposes (for instance, to finance a political campaign). They may also consist of a promise of future employment. Regulators may wish to find jobs in the future in the industry which they are currently
regulatory choices by providing regulators with incentives. These incentives will be the instrument of influence and source of regulatory capture. Incentives may include bribes or payments for political ... purposes (for instance, to finance a political campaign). They may also consist of a promise of future employment. Regulators may wish to find jobs in the future in the industry which they are currently
launching the continuous process of legal approximation and harmonization. Along with a number of political, economic and social issues43, the PCA indicated also what key topics should be given particular ... position of the Authority (status, funding, lack of qualified personnel); political situation which had often failed to support it; absence of political will. Among the abovementioned problems, the
the enforcement of decisions, an inefficient judicial review process, general economic and political situation, etc. This area needs serious research, through questionnaires and interviews with both the ... justice system absorbs and conveys the philosophy of competition protection in the fairest manner possible. Not only is the reasoning of decisions in the light of the protection of public interest a legal
