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philosophy is an integral part of the doing of biology. Given this, it is more important than ever to undertake a practical assessment of what philosophy does mean and should mean to biologists. Here, I
The high rate of return on investments in research and development in agriculture, estimated at between 20- and 40-fold, provides a strong rationale for increasing financial support for such research. Furthermore, the urgency to provide sufficient nutrition for a growing population amid growing demands for an expanding bioeconomy, while facing population growth and changing...
We report evidence that individual-level variation in people's physiological and attentional responses to aversive and appetitive stimuli are correlated with broad political orientations ... orientations. Specifically, we find that greater orientation to aversive stimuli tends to be associated with right-of-centre and greater orientation to appetitive (pleasing) stimuli with left-of-centre political
competition to treat the number and identity of political parties as an output of, rather than an input to, the process of party competition. Party birth is modelled as an endogenous change of agent type from ... article or click here References Email alerting service To subscribe to Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B go to: http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/subscriptions Spatial models of political competition with
theoretical explanations of fertility decline, the political framing of population by womens health advocates at the time of Cairo, evidence of the many barriers to fertility regulation, and the importance of ... of high levels of western consumption on the environment. Conservative political and religious forces, especially in the USA, have worked to reduce attention to the need for family planning. Thinking
ancestors, we are complex political, economic, scientific and artistic creatures, living in a vast range of habitats, many of which are our own creation. Research on the evolution of human cognition asks what ... species, and integrates findings from anthropology, archaeology, economics, evolutionary biology, neuroscience, philosophy and psychology. Using these methods, recent research reveals profound commonalities
, we examined the extent to which similar or dissimilar processes were recruited when considering the attitudes of political ingroup and outgroup candidates. Brain regions involved in social cognition ... in perspective-taking tendency may be more apparent when the target of judgement is a political candidate than when the target is a completely unknown individual (as in previous neuroimaging research
Traditional investigations of the evolution of human social and political institutions trace their ancestry back to nineteenth century social scientists such as Herbert Spencer, and have concentrated ... -political evolution. We find support for three ideas often associated with Spencerian cultural evolutionary theory: (i) political organization has evolved through a regular sequence of forms, (ii) increases
introductory article to a Theme Issue on metacognition, we review recent and rapidly progressing developments from neuroscience, cognitive psychology, computer science and philosophy of mind. While each of these ... politician should hold office, but also about the political structure itself, as when a referendum is held on the voting system. This consultation may lead, in effect, to the political structure changing
the basis for computing appropriate semantic generalizations. Multiple disciplines (e.g. philosophy, cognitive science, cognitive neuroscience and behavioural neurology) have striven to answer the ... multiple literatures, including philosophy and cognitive science (for careful discussion of related ideas, including grounding by interaction, see [26]). In addition, contemplation of the nature of different
. 218,221 (1964). were), 72 with leaders ranging from the segregation or die philosophy of the aforementioned Governor Barnett of Mississippi, to Governor John Connolly of Texas, who southern political expert
that influence their ability to persist in the UK, and describe a qualitative framework of factors that influence the political response to a livestock disease. We develop simple transmission models for ... different aspects of within- and between-farm processes, which has economic, legal and political implications for control. We consider how these pathogens, and Mycobacterium bovis (the agent of bovine
and projections for LAC regarding current strategies for achieving this target and to critically review the political, economic and geographical factors related to the successful elimination of this ... in the context of the difficulties and challenges of the region. The strong political and technical commitment to control rabies in LAC in the 1980s, started with the regional programme coordinated by
.”28 Furthermore, the combination of administration-imposed speech codes and the rise of the political correctness philosophy has resulted in a learning environment in which the discussion of ideas that ... individual’s interest in free expression.69 C. The Philosophy of Political Correctness on Campus The philosophy of political correctness (“PC”) has likewise become popular on college campuses.70 The
behaviour. Studies in the history and philosophy of science show that Morgan failed to offer an adequate justification for his canon, and subsequent attempts to justify the canon using evolutionary arguments ... idea is so pervasive in science and philosophy that it seems reasonable to suppose that Morgans canon would be justified if it could be shown to be a special casean animal behaviour-specific caseof the
Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) have voluntarily formed transnational political groups and invariably follow the voting instructions of these groups. This is intriguing as there are few ... Simon Hix () Abdul Noury Grard Roland 0 University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720-3880 , USA 1 University of Brussels , 1070 Brussels , Belgium 2 London School of Economics and Political Science
influential and well-funded political opponent: the National Education Association (NEA). This alliance of public school teachers is “the largest, most powerful union in the country,”8 and is staunchly opposed ... to homeschooling.9 The NEA lobbies for legislation that places restrictions on homeschooling,10 which is why some consider it a “political miracle” that homeschooling is legal in every U.S
choice of weaker (guidelines) and stronger (law) policy instruments, the level of public interest, political opportunity, institutional inertia, mechanisms for enforcement and who foots the bill. All these ... remain rabies free for at least Policies to mitigate disease threats C. Dye 2895 20 years. The chance of a case within 20 years was not zero, but it was very small (figure 2). The political outcome was a
, implying a secular purpose, his intent in adding the Muslim holidays to the list of school holidays seemed more focused on political acknowledgement than school district efficiency.13 11 Rodwan, supra note 2 ... complicated political and legal conundrum in a city (like many other American cities) exploding with religious and cultural diversity.”16 In comparison to New York City, in Cranston, Rhode Island, the school
Humans routinely make many decisions collectively, whether they choose a restaurant with friends, elect political leaders or decide actions to tackle international problems, such as climate change ... literature in welfare economics and political philosophy addresses the question of how social welfare can be defined and measured (e.g. Arrow 1951/1963; Rawls 1971; Sen 1999). There are examples of both
