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) . Together they constitute the dominant accounts of explanation in the philosophy of science. We argue that a successful explanation for an AI system should be contrastive, counterfactual and measurable ... achieve a desired alternative outcome. A contrastive explanation answers the question ‘Why E rather than F?’. In the philosophy literature, F is referred to as E’s foil. F comes from a contrast class of
a major limitation inherent in previous approaches. We experimented our method on two recent real social media data sets which represent the sports and political domain and also compared the results ... sports data set, Embed2Detect achieved 27% higher F-measure than the best-performed baseline and for the political data set, it was an increase of 29%. Word embedding; Hierarchical clustering; Dendrogram
geometric . arxiv: 1903 . 02428 Garimella , K. , Smith , T. , Weiss , R. , & West , R. ( 2021 ). Political polarization in online news consumption . Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and ... , C. , Rozza , A. , Zappella , G. , Zignani , M. , Arvidsson , A. , & Colleoni , E. ( 2013 ). Modelling political disaffection from twitter data . In Proceedings of the second international workshop on
Series Analysis , 8 ( 3 ), 261 - 275 . Brandt , P. T., & Williams , J. T. ( 2001 ). A linear poisson autoregressive model: The poisson ar (p) model . Political Analysis , pp. 164 - 184 . Cameron , A. C
Fake news can rapidly spread through internet users and can deceive a large audience. Due to those characteristics, they can have a direct impact on political and economic events. Machine Learning ... considering different scenarios and languages: two Portuguese datasets with a balanced number of news, one of them covering political issues and the other composed of news on several subjects; and one English
market currently undervalues the RMB by 15% to 40%.39 B. Legal/Political Solutions to Chinese Currency Manipulation 1. WTO/GATT a. GATT Article XV As China and the United States are both members of the
undersampling methods. Similar to this, and on the topic of behavioral modelling for fraud detection, Wang (2021) ; Rodríguez et al. (2022 ) both come very close to us with respect to their philosophy and
. , & Pearl , J. ( 2005 ). Causes and explanations: A structural-model approach . Part ii: Explanations. The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science , 56 ( 4 ), 889 - 911 . Hans , A. , Schneegaß , D
The major challenge for measles elimination is to harness sufficient political will to provide the necessary financial and human resources. This is particularly relevant for local governments (at ... harness political will and overcome or mitigate the shortage of resources in the impoverished province of Guangxi, one of China's 31 administrative divisions. A comprehensive information system collecting
-flip noise, respectively. Deep Self-learning has the similar philosophy to generate pseudo labels by referencing class-prototypes and SAT-CE has the best performance among all baselines, therefore we
scores should not be used for matching . Political Analysis , 27 ( 4 ), 435 - 454 . LaLonde , R. J. ( 1986 ). Evaluating the econometric evaluations of training programs with experimental data . The ... the matches: Matching methods for causal inference . Annual Review of Political Science , 12 , 487 - 508 . Shalit , U. , Johansson , F.D. Sontag , D. ( 2017 ). Estimating individual treatment effect
passion for science, energetic personality and collaborative philosophy, which he incorporated into a unique way of doing research. Over the course of his career, he published 117 scientific articles with
Background. Five major disease eradication initiatives were initiated during the second half of the 20th century. The enabling and constraining factors—political, social, economic, and other—for ... in comparison with earlier eradication programs, including strong political and societal support, economic analyses demonstrating a high level of cost-effectiveness, and a rigorous upfront process
to date. Many countries are still uncertain about whether to grow and how to regulate genome-edited crop varieties12. Scientific, political and social considerations impact these decisions, which are
. The integrated surveillance system, established through strong political commitment by Caribbean countries, is coordinated by the Caribbean Epidemiology Centre (CAREC). The system, which became ... 6 (HHV-6) infection. The lessons learned from the success of this integrated system indicate that the following factors are critical: strong political commitment, strong technical oversight from all
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a global infectious diseases threat that disproportionally affects women. Beyond social and political factors, biological and genetic differences have been ... ]. While multiple social, political, economic, and legal issues require attention and urgently need to be addressed to ensure decreased HIV-1 acquisition rates among females at risk, increased access to care
( 2008 ). See also Christian Barry, Sovereign Debt, Human Rights, and Policy Conditionality , 19 THE JOURNAL OF POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY , 282 - 305 ( 2011 ). 25 G.A. res. 2200A (XXI) , 21 U.N. GAOR, 21st Sess ... , food, education, water, and health.30 This set of rights complements the socalled civil and political rights.31 As Scheinin notes, “there is no watertight division between different categories of human
this bias, unbiased learning-to-rank approaches have been proposed (Joachims et al., 2017) . These biases might take several forms, such as polarization towards political parties or providing more ... - 43 : 23 ). Kulshrestha , J. , Eslami , M. , Messias , J. , Zafar , M. B. , Ghosh , S. , Gummadi , K. P. , & Karahalios , K. ( 2019 ). Search bias quantification: Investigating political bias in social
political voice. The evaluation and use of OCVs as a tool for cholera control will require a new, more compassionate, less risk-averse generation of decision makers. ... from other population groups can result in political tension. Thus, it is more promising to vaccinate the affected areas, with a wide safety margin, or to vaccinate the whole city. In areas of cholera