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This paper aims to detect the presence of political budget cycles (PBuCs) around presidential elections in four large Latin American countries (Argentina, Chile, Colombia, and Mexico) over the 1982 ... sensitive to political manipulation were found, such as subsidies and public works, along with pre-electoral increases in total expenditure in the former one, and in goods and services in the latter. Key
This paper aims to determine the impact of political risk on private investment in Peru. Therefore, the methodology used to achieve this goal is an econometric estimation through an autoregressive ... paper takes into consideration i) the short- and long-run effects of political risk and ii) whether this risk could be influenced by political regimes. The results show that political risk does not have a
institutions; and 4) limitations imposed by the political processes of integration at national and international levels (Tejedor Estupiñán, 2022).Historical and geopolitical analyses have identified that unequal ... also important to consider the global development, which should guarantee the progressive reduction of the economic, political, and social inequalities. Finally, it is necessary to guarantee the
corresponding calculations were based on economic and socio-political contexts that influenced the measures adopted in the four PA countries in face of the COVID-19 pandemic; in particular, measures that began in
theoretical point of view, it is understood that the financial markets reflect the reality of economy. Therefore, the stock exchange indicator of a given country reflects the economic and political reality ... , that is, the financial markets measured by the stock exchange indicator can serve as a proxy for political and economic variables. Thus, changes in macroeconomic variables such as the exchange rate
during the time this paper was written. REFERENCES 1. Acemoglu, D., & Pischke, J. S. (1999). The structure of wages and investment in general training. Journal of Political Economy, 107(3), 539 ... -572. https://doi.org/10.1086/250071 [ Links ] 2. Adams, J. D., & Univer, V. (1980). Relative capital formation in the United States. Journal of Political Economy, 88(3), 561-577. https://doi.org
conversations carried out for this purpose have posed unanswered questions of economic, political, and social nature about how to carry out this order successfully; this has raised serious doubts about its
conversations carried out for this purpose have posed unanswered questions of economic, political, and social nature about how to carry out this order successfully; this has raised serious doubts about its
conversations carried out for this purpose have posed unanswered questions of economic, political, and social nature about how to carry out this order successfully; this has raised serious doubts about its
conversations carried out for this purpose have posed unanswered questions of economic, political, and social nature about how to carry out this order successfully; this has raised serious doubts about its
conversations carried out for this purpose have posed unanswered questions of economic, political, and social nature about how to carry out this order successfully; this has raised serious doubts about its
conversations carried out for this purpose have posed unanswered questions of economic, political, and social nature about how to carry out this order successfully; this has raised serious doubts about its
whole in The Wealth of Nations (Smith, 1937) and Principies of Political Economy and Taxation (Ricardo, 2018). On the normative level, both authors defend free individual choice and laissez-faire to make ... -721. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.44.3.712. [ Links ] 32. Ricardo, D. (2018). The Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. In Simon J.L. (Ed.), The Economics of Population: Classic Writings (pp
. These findings also support Military Keynesianism and Keynesian optimum demand philosophy, which promoted that military expenditure is as important as government spending. Thus, policymakers should take ... Pakistan, covering the period from 1990 to 2018. Using the asymmetric relationship, the objective of this research was also to examine the Military Keynesianism philosophy on the panel of the three countries
collection, but due to political and institutional reasons they have decided to maintain low tax rates.Palavras-chave : institutional characteristics; fiscal effort; stochastic frontier; natural resources. ... empirical investigation into the importance of tax bases, collection costs, and political regime. International Tax and Public Finance, 13(2-3), 181-215. Kumbhakar, S., Lien, G. y Hardaker, J. (2014
collection, but due to political and institutional reasons they have decided to maintain low tax rates.Keywords : institutional characteristics; fiscal effort; stochastic frontier; natural resources. ... empirical investigation into the importance of tax bases, collection costs, and political regime. International Tax and Public Finance, 13(2-3), 181-215. Kumbhakar, S., Lien, G. y Hardaker, J. (2014
collection, but due to political and institutional reasons they have decided to maintain low tax rates.Keywords : institutional characteristics; fiscal effort; stochastic frontier; natural resources. ... empirical investigation into the importance of tax bases, collection costs, and political regime. International Tax and Public Finance, 13(2-3), 181-215. Kumbhakar, S., Lien, G. y Hardaker, J. (2014
collection, but due to political and institutional reasons they have decided to maintain low tax rates.Keywords : institutional characteristics; fiscal effort; stochastic frontier; natural resources. ... empirical investigation into the importance of tax bases, collection costs, and political regime. International Tax and Public Finance, 13(2-3), 181-215. Kumbhakar, S., Lien, G. y Hardaker, J. (2014
collection, but due to political and institutional reasons they have decided to maintain low tax rates.Keywords : institutional characteristics; fiscal effort; stochastic frontier; natural resources. ... empirical investigation into the importance of tax bases, collection costs, and political regime. International Tax and Public Finance, 13(2-3), 181-215. Kumbhakar, S., Lien, G. y Hardaker, J. (2014
collection, but due to political and institutional reasons they have decided to maintain low tax rates.Keywords : institutional characteristics; fiscal effort; stochastic frontier; natural resources. ... empirical investigation into the importance of tax bases, collection costs, and political regime. International Tax and Public Finance, 13(2-3), 181-215. Kumbhakar, S., Lien, G. y Hardaker, J. (2014