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exacerbated inequality with ambiguous effects on efficiency. Finally, we outline the potential for future reforms and conclude that political conditions are more likely to instigate major change than economic ... over fundamental reforms. Our discussion in this paper shows that this preference is often the result of political considerations rather than a thorough analysis of what may be good policy aimed to
scholarship and political science. The papers in this issue ask a range of research and policy questions about the way governments tax the rich. How can we measure the effective tax rates on the incomes and/or ... society as a whole, and which possible reforms in this area are feasible from an economic, political, and legal perspective. Demands to tax the rich (more) rest on the perception of rising inequality. In
With more individuals forcibly displaced than any time since the Second World War, forced displacement has emerged as one of the defining political and humanitarian issues of the twenty-first century ... leadership to elevate new capabilities and approaches, which has been difficult given institutional status quo. Lastly, establishing innovation units within large institutions has proven a political challenge
Water Law Commons Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/sdlp - Article 4 A NORTH-SOUTH STRUGGLE: POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC OBSTACLES TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT By ... ), Article 1105 (Minimum Standard of Treatment), Article 1110 (Expropriation).194 TransCanada alleges that the United States rejected the Keystone application for political reasons, not environmental
ice of the Arctic, including Hans Isle, and the Agreement is in discord. The Inuit are indigenous, and their associated rights have been recognized in and by international legal and political ... any justifiable claims of feasible navigation. That, however, has changed as the Arctic ice fields have thinned allowing seasonal circumpolar navigability. Now, the geo-political game is on for access
wealth can lead to a concentration of economic and political power. However, the externalities can also be positive if only the very wealthy have the means to undertake large and risky projects that are ... . Liquidity problems are the main reason why many durable goods, such as art and antiques, have historically been exempt from wealth taxation. Key to the economic and political feasibility of wealth taxes is
many motivations for (not) resettling refugees: humanitarian, economic, or political. The goal of an improved resettlement system is to obey the quotas set by countries, though there is a necessary ... smaller hosting capacities (either due to infrastructure or finance constraints or due to political willingness) than countries, so the refugee–community problem is best modelled as one of integer
is that many political decisions, not least about tax policy and redistribution, are taken at the country level, and that there may be a feedback loop between within-country inequality and political ... decision-making. By the same argument, since the Swiss cantons have a large degree of political autonomy, studying the evolution and determinants of wealth inequality at the sub-national level is equally
, environmental, social and political factors being equally important, following the concepts of sustainable development. In general, only aspects related to investment, construction, equipment acquisition and ... of knowledge expressed by environmental, political, social and technical-economic dimensions and uses technical analysis and mathematical tools that configure its systemic character (Rigolin, 2013
petroleum derived products, in a Case Study. The method deals with technical, economic, environmental, social and political factors being equally important, following the concepts of sustainable development ... of knowledge expressed by environmental, political, social and technical-economic dimensions and uses technical analysis and mathematical tools that configure its systemic character (Rigolin, 2013
, Structures of Environmental Criminal Enforcement, 7 f or Dham e nv ’;t l . J .679, 702 (1996). 31 As an overarching enforcement philosophy, EPA seeks the regulated community to remain in compliance with the ... Uhlmann, Crime Redux]. 45 See Joshua Ozymy and Melissa Jarrell, Why do Regulatory Agencies Punish? The Impact of Political Principals, Agency Culture, and Transaction Costs in Predicting Environmental
. . . * Dr. Joshua Ozymy is an Associate Professor of Political Science in the Department of Political Science and Public Service at the University of Tennessee at a bsTraCT The U.S. Resource Conservation and ... 2021.68 vIII. r eComenda Criminal enforcement of hazardous waste crimes got off to a rocky start in the 1980s, but managed to gain traction and evolve over time. Political attacks by the Reagan
indiscriminate shelling of civilian areas of the Donbas, human rights violations and abuses in the Crimea targeted Ukrainian political activists and the Crimean Tatar minority. Thus, investigating, comparing, and ... , destination-specific data are obtained on the distance from the origin location, the political views of the destination, the GDP of the destination, its population size, ethno-linguistic composition, and the
embraces an interdisciplinary focus to provide a broad view of current legal, political, and social developments. It was founded to provide a forum for those interested in promoting sustainable economic
state a prime example of how the cradle-to-grave philosophy can be operationalized to incorporate climate justice principles, namely distributive, corrective, and social justice. California’s Public ... to get plastic stewardship laws, because there is no real enforcement mechanism to ensure compliance, such an agreement could put social and political pressure on the U.S. to honor its commitments and
emission standards showed that the convergence of environmental standards in a particular sector can be driven by the existence of large consumer markets with ‘green’ preferences, the political power of ... ‘green’ countries, the leadership and preferences of largest producers, the internal political support, and the institutional structure and rules of the trade regime (Dietrich, 1996). The trade regime
manage risk and improves bidding incentives in the spot market. There are important differences in electricity markets around the world, reflecting different economic and political settings. Electricity
Indiana political subdivisions, non-profits, and private, for-profit entities to finance environmental cleanups.”96 Loan rates range from zero percent to three percent and up to twenty percent of the loan
market flexibility. Underemployment’s association with lower job satisfaction and pay is widespread. Yet in most countries there are external benefits (social trust, volunteering, and political efficacy ... the effects of higher education on three indicators of external benefit: social trust, civic participation, and political efficacy.8 Table 3 summarizes the relative differences between matched and
cent in the tax paid by this group. I. Introduction Political debates around taxation of the rich tend to focus on the ‘headline’ rates of the taxes that are most salient with the public—in