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are embedded. We start from the problem-based and practice-oriented approach to democracy theory as developed by political theorist Mark Warren. We build on this approach to describe practices that can ... perspective and make the role of technology explicit. We then examine how AI technologies can play a role in these practices to improve or inhibit the democratic nature of political systems. We focus in
technology, of equating ethics with “fairness”. This is a common reductionist approach, arguably attributable to Rawls (1971) and the contract tradition in political philosophy, that is also encountered in ... : Nussbaum's methods of justifying the capabilities . Journal of Political Philosophy , 14 , 301 - 322 . Jiang , S. , Martin , J. , & Wilson, C. ( 2019 ). Who's the Guinea Pig? Investigating online A/B/n tests
Milan, MI , Italy 1 Logic, Uncertainty, Computation and Information Lab, Department of Philosophy, University of Milan , Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122 Milan, MI , Italy Some computational phenomena rely ... in the Philosophy of Computer Science presents two standard approaches to computational artefacts (Angius et al., 2021) . According to the first one, they have a dual nature, abstract and physical
The debate around the notions of a priori knowledge and a posteriori knowledge has proven crucial for the development of many fields in philosophy, such as metaphysics, epistemology, metametaphysics ... challenges that emerge in such systems. Distributed Systems; Philosophy of Computation; A Priori Knowledge; Fault-tolerant Systems 1 Introduction and Overview The notion of “a priori” is familiar to most
According to a mainstream position in contemporary cognitive science and philosophy, the use of abstract compositional concepts is amongst the most characteristic indicators of meaningful
(tracing). We operationalise the requirements for meaningful human control through multidisciplinary work in philosophy, behavioural psychology and traffic engineering. The tracking condition is ... technology needs more political philosophy . Communications of the ACM , 63 ( 1 ), 33 - 35 . https://doi.org/10.1145/3339905 Van den Hoven , J. ( 2007 ), ICT and Value Sensitive Design , In: The Information
value alignment for a norm system. It is worth noticing that henceforth we use the terms moral and ethical interchangeably (without differentiation) as it is common practice in the Philosophy literature ... is the branch of philosophy that reflects on what is moral4, right, or good (Frankena, 1973; Audi, 1999; van de Poel & Royakkers, 2011) . The philosophical discipline of ethics is eminently practical
been long discussed in philosophy and science. We explore these ideas in the context of supervised machine learning, namely the branch of artificial intelligence that studies algorithms which balance ... and truth approximation, which are briefly discussed in the context of both machine learning and the philosophy of science. Simplicity; Complexity; Occam's razor; Machine learning; Statistical learning
another? The manipulationist definition of explanation from the philosophy of science offers good answers to these questions, holding that an explanation consists of a generalization that shows what happens ... accounts for a number of features of explanations, such as their asymmetry: one cannot both explain Y by appeal to X and X by appeal to Y. A standard example in philosophy to illustrate this point is of
scope of current regulation. Here, the Merck Ethics Advisory Panel for Science and Technology, a group of external academic experts from the fields of biology, medicine, bioethics, philosophy, and law ... , from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX: 52021PC0206 Eyal , N. ( 2019 , January 16). Informed Consent. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved November 18 , 2022 , from
thematized many times in the history and philosophy of science: paradigm shifts (Kuhn, 1970) , changes of positivity (Foucault, 2002) , differences in styles (Hacking, 1992) , or maybe even conceptual ... important as psychological models, and the critical perspectives of history and philosophy as decisive as the axioms and theorems of theoretical computer science. For more than a decade, the DHST/DLMPST
classical political science literature, the essay approaches the debate through paradoxes that arise from applying classical notions of sovereignty to the digital domain. With these paradoxes and a focus on ... face the harsh realities of political philosophy. Within these realities, the question is thorny already because all classical notions of sovereignty belong to the physical realm. These notions are much
Whilst the topic of representations is one of the key topics in philosophy of mind, it has only occasionally been noted that representations and representational features may be gradual. Apart from ... weighting of prediction error 1 Introduction The topic of representations is one of the most debated topics in philosophy of cognitive science. Despite the fact that the representational debate has been
-philosophy can be integrated within the philosophy of logic. ... -process. It is part of a broader project, namely the elaboration of an informational conception of logic, and specifically explores how a constructionist epistemology and meta-philosophy (see Sect. 2) can
Method, London School of Economics and Political Science , Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE , UK The problem of algorithmic fairness is typically framed as the problem of finding a unique formal criterion ... Associates Inc., Red Hook , NY , USA, (pp. 3323 - 3331 ). Hedden , B. ( 2021 ). On statistical criteria of algorithmic fairness . Philosophy and Public Affairs , 4949 ( 2 ), 209 - 231 . Hertweck , C. , Heitz
). Altruism across disciplines: One word, multiple meanings . Biology and Philosophy , 28 ( 1 ), 125 - 140 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-012-9317-3 de Wit , A. , & René , B. ( 2017 ). Government support and ... effect, and price effect for charitable contributions . Journal of Political Economy , 97 ( 5 ), 1197 - 1207 . Knearem , T. , Jo , J. , Tsai , C. H. , & Carroll , J. M. ( 2021 , June). Making space for
knowledge (philosophy of science), the nature of this knowledge (epistemology), and of the tools we use to produce it (philosophy of computing, philosophy of mathematics, and philosophy of statistics), as ... well as their ethical implications (ethics). It is with the contextual axis in the picture that the area of philosophy and computing is fully delineated and its importance becomes evident.
: Agent-based versus structured metapopulation models . BMC Infectious Diseases , 10 ( 190 ), 1 - 13 . Bailer-Jones , D. M. ( 2009 ). Scientific models in philosophy of science . University of Pittsburgh ... experiments . European Journal for Philosophy of Science . https://doi.org/10.1007/s13194-018-0239-z Christen , D. , Webster , D. J. , et al. ( 2010 ). Multiscale modelling and nonlinear finite element analysis
when optimization is limited, particularly for complex and open social systems. Optimization; Artificial intelligence; Complex systems; Ethics; Epistemology; Philosophy of science 1 Introduction A ... open and complex systems can lead to undesirable outcomes. We point to the is-ought problem in philosophy, that what ought to be cannot be derived from what is. A model may be used to understand the
This essay addresses the question whether artificial speakers can perform speech acts in the technical sense of that term common in the philosophy of language. We here argue that under certain ... philosophy of mind. Mental states may be distinguished into four broad types: cognitive, conative, affective, and experiential (Green, 2018). Cognitive states include beliefs, memories, and expectations, and
