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exacerbated inequality with ambiguous effects on efficiency. Finally, we outline the potential for future reforms and conclude that political conditions are more likely to instigate major change than economic ... over fundamental reforms. Our discussion in this paper shows that this preference is often the result of political considerations rather than a thorough analysis of what may be good policy aimed to
scholarship and political science. The papers in this issue ask a range of research and policy questions about the way governments tax the rich. How can we measure the effective tax rates on the incomes and/or ... society as a whole, and which possible reforms in this area are feasible from an economic, political, and legal perspective. Demands to tax the rich (more) rest on the perception of rising inequality. In
With more individuals forcibly displaced than any time since the Second World War, forced displacement has emerged as one of the defining political and humanitarian issues of the twenty-first century ... leadership to elevate new capabilities and approaches, which has been difficult given institutional status quo. Lastly, establishing innovation units within large institutions has proven a political challenge
wealth can lead to a concentration of economic and political power. However, the externalities can also be positive if only the very wealthy have the means to undertake large and risky projects that are ... . Liquidity problems are the main reason why many durable goods, such as art and antiques, have historically been exempt from wealth taxation. Key to the economic and political feasibility of wealth taxes is
many motivations for (not) resettling refugees: humanitarian, economic, or political. The goal of an improved resettlement system is to obey the quotas set by countries, though there is a necessary ... smaller hosting capacities (either due to infrastructure or finance constraints or due to political willingness) than countries, so the refugee–community problem is best modelled as one of integer
is that many political decisions, not least about tax policy and redistribution, are taken at the country level, and that there may be a feedback loop between within-country inequality and political ... decision-making. By the same argument, since the Swiss cantons have a large degree of political autonomy, studying the evolution and determinants of wealth inequality at the sub-national level is equally
indiscriminate shelling of civilian areas of the Donbas, human rights violations and abuses in the Crimea targeted Ukrainian political activists and the Crimean Tatar minority. Thus, investigating, comparing, and ... , destination-specific data are obtained on the distance from the origin location, the political views of the destination, the GDP of the destination, its population size, ethno-linguistic composition, and the
emission standards showed that the convergence of environmental standards in a particular sector can be driven by the existence of large consumer markets with ‘green’ preferences, the political power of ... ‘green’ countries, the leadership and preferences of largest producers, the internal political support, and the institutional structure and rules of the trade regime (Dietrich, 1996). The trade regime
manage risk and improves bidding incentives in the spot market. There are important differences in electricity markets around the world, reflecting different economic and political settings. Electricity
market flexibility. Underemployment’s association with lower job satisfaction and pay is widespread. Yet in most countries there are external benefits (social trust, volunteering, and political efficacy ... the effects of higher education on three indicators of external benefit: social trust, civic participation, and political efficacy.8 Table 3 summarizes the relative differences between matched and
must develop the traditional philosophy of French national understanding as defined by Jules Michelet, Maurice Barrès, and Ernst Renan, three thinkers credited with developing the specifically French ... Michelet is a key figure for this philosophy, and he argues that French history begins with the formalization of the French language. As he notes in his History of France, “The history of France begins with
cent in the tax paid by this group. I. Introduction Political debates around taxation of the rich tend to focus on the ‘headline’ rates of the taxes that are most salient with the public—in
untrustworthy in their political and/or economic behaviour, and perhaps also as facilitating remittances often important in lower-income countries.29 In absolute terms, however, the US has the largest crypto
for universal and safe drinking water services as a non-discriminatory, public service is founded on cumulative evidence of economic, political, and health benefits for society (Langford and Russell ... approach is consistent with the instrumental nature of economic thinking and evaluating social choices by results. In the historical context, this was also in a time of significant political upheaval in
to borrow to invest, and therefore by implication that the public sector would restrain such investments. This was arguably the main political reason for pursuing what was a very unpopular ... privatization: to get the water industry out of public expenditure. There was a final and little-discussed further political argument for privatization, wrapped in an economic shell. The requirements of the EU’s
effort to design and implement policies to promote sustainable management of groundwater in the face of all of its complexities and the historical, legal, political, economic, geological, and hydrological ... difficulties at multiple stages: from initial definition and allocation through the opportunities and constraints associated with transferability and ultimately to enforcement and modification. Political
system. These conditions ushered Margaret Thatcher into power in the UK in 1969, and Ronald Reagan in the US in 1970, with a corresponding change in political philosophy. In due course, this would also ... contracted as a consequence of war and according to the influence of different political philosophies, ideologies, and prevailing value judgements. Prior to the First World War, the state largely played a
potential and realized effects of online publishing are pertinent to an issue where many of the papers engage with the notion of boundaries, genre, and new (textual, psychological, geographical, political
° between 10 and 90° was used. Fischer-Tropsch synthesis rate data were obtained in a fixed-bed reactor described previously (K. M. Brunner Doctor of Philosophy, Brigham Young University, 2012). Each sample ... linkages, as described by Brunner (K. M. Brunner Doctor of Philosophy, Brigham Young University, 2012), similar to the formation of layered structures during the transition from boehmite to γ-alumina [27
° between 10 and 90° was used. Fischer-Tropsch synthesis rate data were obtained in a fixed-bed reactor described previously (K. M. Brunner Doctor of Philosophy, Brigham Young University, 2012). Each sample ... linkages, as described by Brunner (K. M. Brunner Doctor of Philosophy, Brigham Young University, 2012), similar to the formation of layered structures during the transition from boehmite to γ-alumina [27
