Loading...
In this review, voltage-gated proton channels are considered from a mainly teleological perspective. Why do proton channels exist? What good are they? Why did they go to such lengths to develop several unique hallmark properties such as extreme selectivity and ΔpH-dependent gating? Why is their current so minuscule? How do they manage to be so selective? What is the basis for our...
special group represented an expertise and philosophy that had a common bond with ICLA and whose resources could be better utilized if given a position where they could play a more active role within ICLA ... positive, and it was further revealed that the political bodies in the CE countries had been poorly informed. Later in 1971, a Governing Board delegation had a meeting with representatives of the CE
moving actions to try to support awareness by disseminating updated concepts in the field. Aligned with the ICD and the WAO philosophy of being global, this document presents fundamental and broad allergy ... the field. Aligned with the ICD philosophy of being of global use, this document intends to be basic, fundamental and broad to make the allergy concepts fully understood by different health
A review of existing legislation covering laboratory animals in Latin America is presented. The region presents a spectrum of economic development, political stability, and cultural diversity. With ... the Caribbean. Political and economic stability is variable throughout the region as well. As such, there is great diversity across Latin America in the development of science and the approach to
In research aimed at improving human health care, animal studies still play a crucial role, despite political and scientific efforts to reduce preclinical experimentation in laboratory animals. In
important phenomena, from political polarization to the evolution of distinct ecological traits, may be cast in terms of division of populations, we expect our findings and method to be useful and applicable ... Arab Spring and the European debt crisis in 2011 have paved the way for major restructuring of the political, economic and social systems around the world. Such rapid social changes, punctuated by
into member state laws through a process called transposition, which is defined below. EU Law The EU is a political and economic union of 28 European countries created and amended by treaties, including ... welfarist philosophy, which acknowledges that animals are considered property under law and is aimed at improving the welfare aspects of animal treatment during research. Almost all national laws and
Porto , Portugal. David Townend, PhD , is Professor of Law and Legal Philosophy in Health, Medicine and Life Sciences in the Department of Health, Ethics and Society, and CAPHRI (Care and Public Health ... different aims of the revision can be handled in actual practice. We begin with an overview of the political and administrative process of revising and implementing this legislation and with the changes that
science, consciousness studies). It is evident that, according to the authors professional profiles, many areas of human knowledge, such as economics, law, political science, history and others, had to be ... philosophy of science and in communication theory, we propose the concept of a relevance relation as an effective tool to distinguish relevant from irrelevant features of a system at a given level of
ILAR Journal Lori Gruen 0 Amy Fultz 0 Jill Pruetz 0 0 Lori Gruen, PhD, is Professor of Philosophy at Wesleyan University, in Middletown, Connecticut. Amy Fultz is Director of Animal Behavior and ... wars that engulfed the Congo Basin and beyond (1996?2003), the site became a magnet for militant groups. Throughout the period of extreme political upheaval and violence, researchers were largely absent
political efforts, which would be more disruptive to scientific progress. This focus on first resolving those practices that cause special concern has the strongest chance of succeeding without undue burdens ... case of the grey squirrel in northern Italy , Essays in Philosophy , 2004 , vol. 5 pg. 26 Randall A . Risk and Precaution , 2011 New York Cambridge University Press
operate in many different areas?religious, political, sociological, economic, ethnic. Thus it is not surprising that an ideology would emerge with regard to science, which is, after all, the dominant way of ... sometimes needed to subordinate one?s life unquestioningly to the precepts of a society of knowers, as was the case with the Pythagoreans. The very 49 first line of Aristotle?s Metaphysics?or First Philosophy
from scratch that directly manufacture the desired products efficiently. 2.4. Problem solution philosophy Because carbon dioxide and nitrogen compounds are the dominant available resources, organisms ... bioproduction designs, selected for its high CO2-fixation efficiency and biomanufacture viability (see 2.5). Our design philosophy involves (figure 3) (1) using acetogens and methanogens to efficiently convert
habitat loss and the spread of invasive species and infectious diseases), is increasingly being viewed as requiring a more proactive and intensive philosophy of conservation and ecological management ... , will take place on the species conservation side of the ethical ledger. These challenges will include the task of accommodating a philosophy of scientific and managerial interventionism in wildlife
incorporate the State of Israel. Due to long-standing political, economic, educational, and cultural relations between the MENA countries, Europe, and the United States, scientists in the MENA region who use ... relatively few ethical limits to animal use. This philosophy, similarly handed down colonially, has continued until today with no formal guidelines or regulations being followed by most researchers or teachers
findings during this period are unclear and may include wars and political upheavals, the waning of the first Industrial Revolution (1760–1840), and the influence of I. Kant’s and F.J.W. von Schelling’s
cultural mores. It is important to understand the local scientific contexts and political cultures in which regulations are enacted (Jasanoff 2005) . Complying with multiple oversight standards may add to ... insistence on Open Access to scientific data? Big data, knowledge production, and the political economy of contemporary biology . Bull Sci Technol Soc 33 ( 1-2 ): 6 - 11 . Leonelli S. 2016a . Data-Centric
-emerging pathogens. Iatrogenic introduction (a.k.a. bioterrorism) is simply another means of transmission and spread of infectious agents, which, in the current political climate, evokes considerable fear ... ). Perhaps the highest cost to science has been the major shift in NIH philosophy from funding basic biomedical research, an approach that has been seminal to discovery, to supporting much more politically
work. I was very busy in those days giving speeches and lead? ing workshops that combated the philosophy that is was im? moral to use animals in research. If that philosophy had been translated into a ... it prevailed, would have undermined medical progress for both humans and animals. My liberal arts training in philosophy proved to be exceedingly valu? able. We made it clear that OPRR stood for
in some other knowledge acquisition exercise (Cowan et al. 1999). In sociology, the forgetting of aspects of the past strongly affects the political myths in a society, and so the investigation of ... wider social and political processes can be very far-reaching; so much is in agreement. However, it is equally true to say that there is considerable disagreement over how social memory or collective