Wydanie publikacji dofinansowane przez Komitet Badań Naukowych
Wydanie publikacji dofinansowane przez Komitet Badań Naukowych
L'article présente le premier voyage du jeune Benjamin Franklin en Angleterre dans les années 1724—172G. Il est basé principalement sur l'Autobiographie de Franklin et sa brochure A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure et Pain, écrite pendant le séjour de l'auteur en Angleterre en 1725. La base de source se rapportant à cette période dans la vie de Franklin étant trop...
За первые проекты воздвижения в Лодзи памятника Тадеушу Костюшко взялся Городской комитет в 1917 г. Сооружением памятника должен был заняться, специально с этой целыо, созванный Комитет, состав которого, в зависимости от действующего Городского Совета, изменялся. Вместе с представителями самоуправляющих властей (Городского Совета и Магистрата) он сосредотачивал людей нсскуства...
The translocation of the mercenary army in Poland of the last Jagiellons, expect for days of the Prussian War (1519–1521), came at the east frontiers of Polish-Lithuanian monarchy. That was the reason, why mercenaries had to cover the long, even several hundred kilometres distances, just to get through to expanse of campaign. By extention, the mercenary army did the huge...
In the mid-1930s, the Polish military intelligence had conducted investigative and observation activities concerning the Italian-Abyssinian War and the Spanish Civil War. Both conflicts were considered as potentially valuable sources of information from the evolution of war art – technically, tactically, and operationalally. As a result, he also acquired a number of materials on...
Movement of insurgent parties played an significant role during the January Uprising, in connection with the guerrilla nature of the fighting and the overwhelming predominance of Russian troops. Much depends on the skills and creativity of the departmental commanders. Marches were held in accordance with established rules, in case there was no threat from the enemy, but always...
Mobilization of the army in the Middle Ages was slow and its assembly lasted several weeks. Time to prepare for a war expedition is usually a period of four weeks, time to grazing horses. The meaning of war horses and the care given to their owners by the ruler is to include them in the edict of Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa about peace in the state of 1152. A similar record is...
The publication presents selected issues related to crossing on the deep water obstacles by tank units. The main issues connected with the crossing of tanks under water are preceded by a short aspect connected with the first Polish tanks and German tanks during World War II. The main part is description of the technical and tactical principles that must be met in order to safely...
The Byzantine emperor Leo VI the Wise (886–912) wrote an extensive military treatise which compiled the knowledge of the Byzantines in the art of war. Among his considerations, one can find a discussion concerning the issue of ensuring safe and effective passage of the imperial army marching across difficult and dangerous areas, most notably mountain ravines and forests. The...
As a result of the June 1967 war, Israel conquered the Egyptian Sinai Peninsula. The line separating the two sides became the Suez Canal. Israel to secure its state of affairs and to protect itself from the new war built a system of fortifications called Bar-Lev Line on the east bank of the Channel. The Egyptian army wanted to recapture the lost area and had to work out plans to...
This article discusses the content of the inscriptions commemorating Valerian Olszowski coat of arms Prus II. The tombstone is in the church of saint Lawrence in Stolec in the Renaissance style. The inscription has got several obvious advantages. Firstly, it informs about the political role of the family Olszowscy, both Valerian and his sons. This monument is also an excellent...
Afghan war 1979–1989 had four stages: occupation, offensive, „afganization” of the conflict and withdrawal. Soviet occupation in Afghanistan by 40. Soviet Army in the years 1979–1989 revealed a lot of problems in the army. This article describes two very important factors of the battlefield in Afghanistan. First of them were difficult conditions of Soviet soldiers existence in...
The aim of the article is to examine the causes of the economic development of the nineteenth-century Łódź. The literature neglects the role of private entrepreneurship, including immigration, in the forming of one of the largest industrial centers in the Polish lands. This paper attempts to fill this gap. The article uses a critical appraisal of literature and reasoning. Based...
The fate of Americans participating in the Spanish Civil War (2800 soldiers) was presented in the article basing on the method of case study. The Neutrality Act and official law banned departures for Spain, but the American volunteers got there illegally to join the Battallion Lincoln or Battalion Washington, which belonged to the XV International Brigade. It was usually named...
In spite of the non-intervention decision taken in Paris, the French volunteers were the greatest number among the foreign fighters involved in the Spanish Civil War. The French military and diplomatic archives, even if it does not appear so often in the bulk of studies dedicated to them, show their ideological motivation against „fascism” but also a patriotic one. The fight...
Association of Jewish Christians was established in 1930. The aim of this initiative was an agreement between the two missions of the Church of England, which operated in interwar Poland, London Society for Promoting Christianity amongs the Jews and The Barbican Mission to the Jews. The first of them acted in central Poland, the other in the eastern provinces. Both organizations...
The following article discusses the relation between Marie Casimire de La Grange d’Arquien and Jakub, her eldest son. Their relationship is investigated in Saxon times, after ascending the throne by Augustus II the Strong. The above mentioned relation has deteriorated and became a real conflict in the last years of John III Sobieski’s life, as well as in the first period of...
Although Anne Boleyn was English, she was frequently perceived as French concerning her education and behaviour. Changes introduced during her life were often thought to be inadequate, which resulted in British society calling Anne a French, a harlot or a witch. In the article, the readers will be presented with various opinions about Anne which were written during her lifetime...
No legal basis for trade unions meant that Jewish workers hired in Polish Kingdom assumed since the mid-nineteenth century mutual aid associations. The outbreak of the revolution in 1905, led to the liberalization policy of the government. In 1906 it issued temporary regulations on associations and unions which provided a possibility to form trade unions. In the years 1906–1908...
The article presents a biography of Charles Vane, an English pirate who lived at the turn of the 17th and 18th century. It mainly describes his adventures on the troubled waters of the Caribbean Sea. Yet, for a better understanding of the very times and the reality in which he lived, a political situation in the Antilles in the period stated and the specificity of the Caribbean...