Pliny discussed in detail the art of painting in the 35th book of his work, History of Nature (Naturalis Historia). Here, he reported that the art of painting was invented by the Egyptians, then it was passed on to the Greeks. In 5th Century BC, Pausanias defined two paintings made by Polygnotus of Thasos for Lesche of the Cnidians at Delphi. Aristotle also compared Polygnotus...
Some metal objects with cuneiform and hieroglyphic inscriptions had been found in Anatolia. Some of them are dated to the Assyrian Trade Colonies Period, most, to the Hittite Period. Most of these metal objects are produced of bronze; however, there are also silver and gold items. Most of the inscribed metal objects include seals and vessels; weapons and tools build a smaller...
Located in the Middle Black Sea region, Ünye is an attraction center that has hosted different communities throughout history. Ünye district is geographically located between 41 degrees north parallel and 37 degrees east meridians. Ünye, located within the borders of Ordu province, is the largest district of the province. The opening of Ünye District to settlement coincides with...
Infectious diseases have attracted the attention of societies due to their epidemic feature throughout the history. Among the extensive information about infectious diseases in ancient sources, it is observed that symptoms are addressed more than the names of diseases. The scientific period in medicine, which started with Hippocrates in the 5th century BC, developed with the...
Food and nutrition culture is more than the performance of a simple activity to satisfy the biological needs of the humankind. The developments in the nutrition process have progressed in tandem with the anthropological development of humans. The internal dynamics of the nutrition culture have changed and evolved during the time elapsed between hunter-gatherer communities feeding...
The Hellenistic Seleucid Kingdom, which governed over the Near East between 312-64 BC, was established by Seleucos I Nicator, one of the commanders of Alexander the Great. Firstly Seleuceia on Tigris (Seleuceia on the river Tigris) was determined as the center of this kingdom, then Seleuceia Pieria (Cevlik/Samandag/Hatay) followed by the Antioch (Antakya/Hatay), which was the...
The development of mineralogical and stone-working fields in Mesopotamia has been supported by both philological and archaeological data. Also these data have been found to convey information that Mesopotamian civilizations have places different meanings on mines, especially stones. The eagle-stone, which is analyzed among the stones that have been meaningful or implied, in the...
Children, who are the guarantee of the continuation of generation, were accepted as a valuable member of families in the Ancient Mesopotamia societies as in today's societies. Children were accepted as important not only in terms of the continuation of generation but also in terms of the transmission of the family heritage to the next generations, undertaking the care of parents...
With the Lydian King Kroisos era, the size and chemical properties of the coins were standardized and a shopping tool that undertook the numismatically money was generated. The standard size and chemical features of the Lydian coins were soon learned and used by other societies. In the pre-Lydian period, various societies succeeded in creating their own money, but the standard...
Arrow, which is the most ancient weapon to be used by humankind, has been a war tool in time while it was used for hunting at first. Arrow became the main weapon in ancient era with the bow that is used with it. We know that lots of war tools were used in Hittite country. One of that tools is GIŠ/GIKAK.Ú.TAG.GA which appears in Hittite Cuneiform scripts. That tool which we...
The institution of justice is one of the institutions that human communities need most from the early years of history. In societies that have not yet reached the state stage, the distribution of justice has been carried out through boards consisting of the leading people of that society. As it turns out, the distribution of justice was carried out on the basis of non-written...
During the New Kingdom Period, Hatshepsut, who was first the regent and then the king (pharaoh) as a member of the 18th Dynasty, was one of the leading figures of Ancient Egypt. Hatshepsut temporarily took over the administration as regent, due to the very young age of Tutmosis III, who took the throne after the death of her husband Tutmosis II. However, the queen, who got...
Anadolu veya Küçük Asya olarak bilinen coğrafyada iki asrı aşkın hüküm süren Persler (MÖ 547-330), bölgeyi birinci dereceden kültürlerini yansıtan İran merkezli ve Güney kısımları ile Batı Hemedan bölgeleriyle etkilemişlerdir. Anadolu siyasi, sosyo-kültürel ve özellikle mimari açıdan Yüksek Pers Sanatı olarak nitelendirebileceğimiz Apadana (Sütunlu Salon, Taht Salonu, Kabul...
Kaškas is one of the peoples who were described as “barbarian” in ancient history. Information about them comes from cuneiform Hittite texts. According to these texts, the Kaškas attack Hatti country at every oppurtunity they find; it loot the agricultural lands. The looting movements of the Kaška are directly related to the structure of the geography in which they are located...
Hukuk toplumu tesis eden kurallar bütünüdür. Toplumun olduğu her yerde hukuk da vardır. Ancak yazının icadından önce varlığını sürdüren kavimlerin hukuk anlayışlarını anlamak güçtür. Yazının icadı ile birlike yazılı hukuk metinleri de ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu metinlerde toplumsal sınıflara görülmektedir. Fırat ve Dicle nehirlerininin arasında yer alan Mezopotamya coğrafyası ise...
Trade is undoubtedly one of the indispensable requirements of life. Therefore, the history of trade has begun with the beginning of relations between people. The understanding of trade and market has existed since ancient time sand is firmly interconnected. Archeological and philological finding sare the most important sources in our knowledge about the first traces of the...
Turkey's Mediterranean gateway to the southern Anatolian has become an attractive settlement for settlers throughout history since prehistoric times. Even today it is of great prominence as settlement. In result of surveys and excavations, It is understood that there were settlements in South Anatolia in the Paleolithic, Neolithic and Chalcolithic Periods. We encountered...
River Ordeal, which is one of the important legal practices in Ancient Mesopotamia, is encountered in Kültepe documents, Middle Assyrian Law Code and Neo-Assyrian Period in the history of Assyria. In the documents, it is seen that the river ordeal against the Assyrian authority were also applied, apart from crimes such as murder and theft. It was one of the methods used to prove...
Niğde-Melendiz Region, which is a part of Volcanic Cappadocia, is one of the geographic areas where communities were densely on the move from the Prehistoric periods to the 2nd and 1st millennium BC, towards the Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman periods. This mobility has made the region very buoyant in terms of architectural structures and settlement organizations. Communities built...
Human Beings have developed his walking ability without stopping and increased his access target and converted into a mobile creature. After completing this process, cultural, economic and social transformation was spread across the world and a civilization was emerged that has been improved and shared by various societies. Human beings are descendants from immigrants. The...
Ebeveyn ve çocuklardan oluşan en küçük toplumsal birim olarak tanımlanan ailenin temelleri, çok erken dönemlere dayanmaktadır. Eski Mezopotamya kavimlerine ait belgeler, ailenin oluşumu, aile bireyleri ve karşılıklı yükümlülükleri, aile içi ilişkiler, ailenin korunması ve devamı hususunda önemli bilgiler içermektedir. Eski Mezopotamya’ya ait yazılı belgelere göre kadın ile...
The period we call the Age of Assyrian Trade Colonies (1974-1719 B.C.) covers approximately 250 years of time when the Assyrian Merchants engaged in trade in Anatolia. In this period, it is understood that Assyrian traders have established an advanced trade network by spreading their commercial activities to Anatolia. Materials such as tin, ornaments, fabrics, and woven products...
The subject of banditry is an important social phenomenon that historians have been working on in recent years. However, studies on this subject are concentrated in recent history. In this study, the phenomenon of banditry in the Ancient World was examined over the four the Ancient People. These peoples are Habbatum, Habiru, Shasu and Kaškian who preferred the nomadic lifestyle...
Arkeoloji bilimi geçtiğimiz yüzyıllarda kutsal kitapta adı geçen yerleri bulmaya yönelik olarak bazı gezginlerin seyahatleri ile başlamış, daha sonraları ise kıymetli eşya bulmak amaçlı bir evreye bürünmüştür. Arkeoloji, bu sürecin sonunda bilimsel bir evrenin ilk aşamalarını aralamayı başarmıştır. Bilimsel yolun en büyük belirtilerinden birisi de birikimsel bilgi birikimi ile...
The Kingdom of Aksum is a state that ruled in the geography known as Abyssinia or Ethiopia between 1000 BC to 900 AD. In this study, the basic elements that shape the emergence, rising and collapsing phases of the kingdom are addressed. In this context, the agricultural subsistence regime in the Horn of the Northwest Africa region and the transfer of the developing urbanism as a...