Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Tanacetum tomentellum (Boiss.) Grierson essential oil from Turkey

Nat. Volatiles & Essent. Oils, 2016; 3(2): 1-8 Tabanca et al. RESEARCH ARTICLE Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Tanacetum tomentellum (Boiss.) Grierson essential oil from Turkey Nurhayat Tabanca1, 2, 3*, K. Hüsnü Can Başer4, Zeki Aytaç5, Melissa R. Jacob1, Shabana I. Khan1 and Betül Demirci6* 1 National Center for Natural Products Research, the University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA Department of Entomology and Nematology, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA 3 USDA-ARS, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA 4 Near East University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Nicosia, N. Cyprus 5 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, 06500 Ankara, Turkey 6 Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, 26470, TURKEY 2 *Corresponding author. Email: ; ; Abstract The chemical composition of essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation from the dried aerial parts of Tanacetum tomentellum (Boiss.) Grierson (Asteraceae) was analysed by GC-FID and GC-MS. Eighty-eight compounds, constituting about 84.1% of the total oil, were identified. The main constituents were camphor (9.4%), linalool (7.6%), α-terpineol (7.1%), trans-pinocarveol (5.3%) and trans-verbenol (4.5%). The oil was evaluated for antimicrobial and antimalarial activity. The oil showed antifungal activity against Cryptococcus neoformans with an IC50 value of 45 µg/mL, while it showed no antimicrobial activity against other tested microorganisms (Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Staphylococcus aureus methicillin-resistant S. aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Mycobacterium intracellulare) up to a concentration of 200 µg/mL. No antimalarial activity was observed against chloroquine sensitive and chloroquine resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum up to 15.9 µg/mL. We report for the first time the essential oil composition and biological activity of T. tomentellum. Keywords: Tanacetum tomentellum, antimicrobial, antimalarial, GC-FID, GC-MS Introduction Emerging infectious diseases are substantially threat to global human health. Increasing population, poor sanitation, ecological changes, travel and threats could increase the spread of infections (Bueno, 2015; Coker et al., 2011; Haines et al., 2006; Daszak, Cunningham & Hyatt, 2000; Martinez, 2000). The emergence of multiple drug resistance in Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA), Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Acinetobacter baumanni, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella dysenteriae, Salmonella typhi, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Plasmodium falciparum is of growing a major concern (Fauci & Morens, 2012; Lepelletier, Andremont & Grandbastien, 2011; Tängdén et al., 2010; McManus & Keylley, 2005; Byarugaba, 2004; White, 2004). The threat of emerging vector-borne diseases can also cause severe human morbidity and mortality (Benelli & Mehlhorn, 2016). The recent outbreak of Zika virus has issued alarms worldwide (Benelli & Mehlhorn, 2016; Samarasekera U & Triunfol, 2016). Discovery of potent, safe and new antimicrobial agents from plant extracts are urged to be encouraged (Ud-Daula et al., 2016; Tabanca et al., 2015; Demirci et al., 2015; Sadgrove, Greatrex & Jones, 2015; Krist et al., 2015; Stappen et al., 2015a; 2015b; 2015c; Kaczmarczyk et al., 2015; Stappen et al., 2014; Ghosh et al., 2014; Al-Rehaily et al., 2014; Iscan et al., 2012; Ozek et al., 2010; Kurkcuoglu et al., 2010). Furthermore, the effective and safe vector control tools and strategies are 1 Nat. Volatiles & Essent. Oils, 2016; 3(2): 1-8 Tabanca et al. also required by new research activities (Benelli&Mehlhorn, 2016; Samarasekera U. & Triunfol, 2016; Hemingway et al., 2006). To contribute to these studies, we investigated the chemical composition and antimicrobial and antimalarial activity of essential oil of Tanacetum tomentellum (Boiss.) Grierson (Asteraceae) from Turkey. Materials and Methods Plant Material The aerial parts of T. tomentellum were collected during flowering from Sirnak: Senova-Hakkari, southeast of Turkey at an altitude of 1550 m in July. The voucher specimen has been deposited at the Herbarium in the Gazi University, Faculty of Science, Ankara, Turkey (Voucher specimen no: ZA8188). Isolation of the Essential Oil The air dried plant materials (flowers, leaves, and stems) were hydrodistilled for 3 hours using a Clevengertype apparatus. The resulting oil was stored at 4 °C until the analysis. The oil yield was calculated as 0.38%, v/w on dry weight basis. Gas Chromatography Analysis Conditions Essential oil was analysed by GC using a Hewlett Packard 6890 system (SEM Ltd, Istanbul, Turkey) and an HP Innowax FSC column (60 m x 0.25 mm ∅, with 0.25 µm film thickness) was used with nitrogen at 1 mL/min. Initial oven temperature was 60 °C for 10 min, and increased at 4 °C/min to 220 °C, then kept constant at 220 °C for 10 min and increased at 1 °C/min to 240 °C. Injector temperature was set at 250 °C. Percentage compositions of the individual components were obtained from electronic integration using flame ionization detection (FID, 250 °C). Relative percentages of the separated compounds were calculated from FID chromatograms as cited in Table 1. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis Conditions GC-MS analysis was performed with a Hewlett-Packard GCD, system (SEM Ltd, Istanbul, Turkey) and Innowax FSC column (60 m x 0.25 mm, 0.25 µm film thickness) was used with Helium. GC oven temperature conditions were as described above, split flow was adjusted at 50 mL/min, the injector temperature was at 250 °C. Mass spectra were recorded at 70 eV. Mass range was from m/z 35 to 425. Identification of Components Identification of the essential oil components were carried out by comparison of their relative retention times with those of authentic samples or by comparison of their relative retention index (RRI) to series of nalkanes (Adams, 2011; Curves et al., 1985; Wang & Sun, 1987). The fragmentation patterns of the mass spectra were compared with the Wiley (McLafferty & Stauffer, 1989), MassFinder 3 (König, Joulain, & Hochmuth, 2004), in-house “Baser Library of Essential Oil Constituents” and as well as MS literature data (Jennings & Shibamoto, 1980; Joulain & König, 1998; ESO 2000, 1999). Antimicrobial Activity The modified Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (NCCLS) methods as described earlier (Tabanca et al., 2003; Tabanca et al., 2005) were followed for this study. Ciprofloxacin (ICN Biomedicals; ≥ 98%) for bacteria and amphotericin B (ICN Biomedicals; ≥ 98%) for fungi were used as positive controls. The tested organisms were from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC): Candida albicans (ATCC 90028), Aspergillus fumigatus (ATCC 90906), Cryptococcus neoformans (ATCC 90113), Staphylococcu (...truncated)