A review on nanosystems as an effective approach against infections of Staphylococcus aureus

International Journal of Nanomedicine Dovepress open access to scientific and medical research Review International Journal of Nanomedicine downloaded from https://www.dovepress.com/ by 5.135.254.153 on 21-Dec-2018 For personal use only. Open Access Full Text Article A review on nanosystems as an effective approach against infections of Staphylococcus aureus This article was published in the following Dove Press journal: International Journal of Nanomedicine Kaixiang Zhou 1 Chao Li 1 Dongmei Chen 2 Yuanhu Pan 1 Yanfei Tao 2 Wei Qu 2 Zhenli Liu 2 Xiaofang Wang 3 Shuyu Xie 1 MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China; 2National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, Hubei, China; 3Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Institute of Hebei Province, Baoding, Hebei, China 1 Correspondence: Shuyu Xie MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, No 1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China Tel +86 27 8728 7323 ext 8221 Fax +86 27 8767 2232 Email Xiaofang Wang Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Institute of Hebei Province, Dongguan Street 428, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China Tel +86 15 2312 31354 Email Introduction The infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) seriously threaten human health and cause huge economic losses in farm. It is calculated that ~30% healthy people colonized by S. aureus do not exhibit any symptoms.1–4 S. aureus can cause many diseases such as skin infections, abscesses, impetigo, necrotizing pneumonia, septicemia, catheter-induced endocarditis, atherosclerosis, and osteomyelitis. 5–7 Especially, the opportunistic infections in hospitals are extremely serious. It is reported that around 20% of surgical-site infections are caused by S. aureus.8 The highly virulent methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is a worrying public health threat in countries all across the world, and different popular strains have been isolated in communities and hospitals.5 It was reported that the treatment cost of MRSA infections is $3,700 and more than those of methicillin-sensitive S. aureus infections. Moreover, the death rate is about threefold that of the latter.9,10 In the livestock breeding, the bovine mastitis caused by S. aureus has induced a number of economic losses including the decrease of milk production and quality, increase of culling and death rates, and so on.11,12 Staphylococcal subclinical mastitis accounts for 30% bovine mastitis.13 It was reported that the S. aureus infections lead to a loss of about 380 tons of milk every year in the world.14 The presence of S. aureus in raw milk is also a public health problem throughout the food chain. The presence 7333 submit your manuscript | www.dovepress.com International Journal of Nanomedicine 2018:13 7333–7347 Dovepress © 2018 Zhou et al. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms (https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php). http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S169935 Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) Abstract: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is an important zoonotic bacteria and hazardous for the health of human beings and livestock globally. The characteristics like biofilm forming, facultative intracellular survival, and growing resistance of S. aureus pose a great challenge to its use in therapy. Nanoparticles are considered as a promising way to overcome the infections’ therapeutic problems caused by S. aureus. In this paper, the present progress and challenges of nanoparticles in the treatment of S. aureus infection are focused on stepwise. First, the survival and infection mechanism of S. aureus are analyzed. Second, the treatment challenges posed by S. aureus are provided, which is followed by the third step including the advantages of nanoparticles in improving the penetration and accumulation ability of their payload antibiotics into cell, inhibiting S. aureus biofilm formation, and enhancing the antibacterial activity against resistant isolates. Finally, the challenges and future perspective of nanoparticles for S. aureus infection therapy are introduced. This review will help the readers to realize that the nanosystems can effectively fight against the S. aureus infection by inhibiting biofilm formation, enhancing intracellular delivery, and improving activity against methicillin-resistant S. aureus and small colony variant phenotypes as well as aim to help researchers looking for more efficient nanosystems to combat the S. aureus infections. Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus, infection mechanism, resistance, antibiotics, nanoparticles Dovepress International Journal of Nanomedicine downloaded from https://www.dovepress.com/ by 5.135.254.153 on 21-Dec-2018 For personal use only. Zhou et al of S. aureus in cells can establish reservoirs from which reinfection will occur,15,16 and then result in long-term and repeated infection.17,18 The intracellular survival strategies of S. aureus are associated with the subclinical and relapsing infection of bovine mastitis. The facultative intracellular parasitism and biofilm of S. aureus protect them from host immune responses and the effect of antibiotics,19 and thus present huge treatment challenges for the global medical community. In addition, the increasing resistance of S. aureus also leads to the treatment difficulty. Over decades, the nanoparticle carriers are reported to be one of the potential measures for improving their payload drug permeability across cell membrane, enhancing intracellular accumulation, increasing the antibacterial activity of antimicrobial agents against the resistant strains, offering multiple bactericidal mechanisms, and inhibiting the biofilm formation of S. aureus. We searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central register of related publications about the application of nanoparticles in the treatment of intracellular infection using relevant keywords (nano, intracellular infections, intracellular delivery, S. aureus strategies, nanogel). About 3,625 records and 513 of closely related papers were screened for suitable studies. In this paper, the progress, challenges, and perspectives of nanomedicines for S. aureus infections are summarized according to the related publications to explore more eff (...truncated)