Factors associated with regular consumption of obesogenic foods: National School-Based Student Health Hurvey, 2012

http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-98652016000500001 ADOLESCENT EATING HABITS | 609 ORIGINAL | ORIGINAL Factors associated with regular consumption of obesogenic foods: National School-Based Student Health Hurvey, 2012 Fatores associados ao consumo regular de alimentos obesogênicos: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar, 2012 Giovana LONGO-SILVA1 Risia Cristina Egito de MENEZES1 Camila Alves Nogueira de SOUZA 1 Patrícia de Menezes MARINHO 1 Maysa Helena de Aguiar TOLONI2 Maria Alice Araújo de OLIVEIRA 1 ABSTRACT Objective To investigate the frequency of consumption of obesogenic foods among adolescents and its association with sociodemographic, family, behavioral, and environmental variables. Methods Secondary data from the National School-Based Student Health Hurvey were analyzed from a representative sample of 9th grade Brazilian students (high school). A self-administered questionnaire, organized into thematic blocks, was used. The dependent variables were the consumption of deep fried snacks, packaged snacks, sugar candies, and soft drinks; consumption frequency for the seven days preceding the study was analyzed. Bivariate analysis was carried out to determine the empirical relationship between the regular consumption of these foods (≥3 days/week) with sociodemographic, family, behavioral, and school structural variables. p-value <0.20 was used as the criterion for initial inclusion in the multivariate logistic analysis, which was conducted using the “Enter” method, and the results were expressed as adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence interval and p<0.05 indicating a statistically significance. 1 Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Faculdade de Nutrição, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nutrição. Campus AC Simões, Av. Lourival Melo Mota, s/n., Cidade Universitária, 57072-900, Maceió, AL, Brasil. Correspondência para/Correspondence to: G LONGO-SILVA. E-mail: <>. 2 Universidade Federal de Lavras, Departamento de Nutrição, Setor Saúde Pública. Lavras, MG, Brasil. Rev. Nutr., Campinas, 29(5):609-633, set./out., 2016 Revista de Nutrição 610 | G LONGO-SILVA et al. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-98652016000500001 Results Regular food consumption ranged from 27.17% to 65.96%. The variables female gender, mobile phone ownership, Internet access at home, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, regular physical activity, eating while watching television or studying, watching television for at least 2 hours a day, and not willing to lose weight were associated in the final logistic models of all foods analyzed. Conclusion It was concluded that fried snacks, packaged snacks, sugar candies, and soft drinks are regularly consumed by adolescents and that such consumption was associated with the sociodemographic, family, behavioral, and school structural variables. Keywords: Adolescent. Food consumption. Food habits. Industrialized foods. RESUMO Objetivo Analisar a frequência de consumo de alimentos obesogênicos entre adolescentes e sua associação com variáveis sociodemográficas, familiares, comportamentais e ambientais. Métodos Estudou-se dados secundários da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar, sendo a amostra representativa de alunos do 9º ano do ensino fundamental de escolas brasileiras. Utilizou-se questionário autoaplicável organizado em blocos temáticos. Foram consideradas variáveis dependentes o consumo de salgados fritos, salgadinhos de pacote, guloseimas e refrigerantes, cuja frequência se referiu aos sete dias anteriores à pesquisa. Para associação do consumo regular dos alimentos (≥3 dias/semana) às variáveis sociodemográficas, familiares, comportamentais e estruturais da escola, foi utilizada análise bivariada, adotando-se o critério de valor de p<0,20 para inclusão inicial na análise de regressão logística multivariada, a qual foi realizada pelo método “enter”. Os resultados foram expressos por Odds Ratio ajustados com respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95%, considerando associação estatisticamente significativa o valor de p<0,05. Resultados O consumo regular dos alimentos variou de 27,17% a 65,96%. Sexo feminino, posse de telefone celular, acesso à Internet no domicílio, tabagismo, consumo de álcool, prática regular de atividade física, hábito de comer assistindo televisão ou estudando, assistir televisão no mínimo duas horas/dia e ausência de atitude visando perda de peso foram as variáveis que se associaram nos modelos logísticos finais de todos os alimentos. Conclusão Conclui-se que o consumo de salgados fritos, salgadinhos de pacote, guloseimas e refrigerantes é regular na dieta dos adolescentes, estando seu consumo associado a variáveis sociodemográficas, familiares, comportamentais e de estrutura escolar. Palavras-chave: Adolescente. Consumo de alimentos. Hábitos alimentares. Alimentos industrializados. INTRODUCTION The term obesogenic refers to foods that promote gaining weight and that are not conducive to weight loss thus contributing to the obesity1. These foods include fast foods, massproduced foods that are prepared and served very quickly, usually in quick-service or self-service restaurants using pre-prepared ingredients. Some examples are hamburgers, French fries, pizza2, and ultra-processed foods, which refer to those Revista de Nutrição that are ready for consumption or heating with little or no preparation, such as a packaged snacks, cookies and crackers, sweet hard candies (including lollipop sticks), and soft drinks3. The prevalence of obesity has increased dramatically in recent decades, affecting one in five adolescents in western countries4. Obesity in this population is of particular concern due to its negative psychological and health impacts with immediate and long term effects, including Rev. Nutr., Campinas, 29(5):609-633, set./out., 2016 ADOLESCENT EATING HABITS | 611 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-98652016000500001 increased prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, some types of cancers, low self-esteem, and reduced quality of life5. Adolescent obesity can be attributed to endogenous causes related to specific behavioral characteristics defined by social bonding, social status, independence, and peer influence leading to sedentary behaviors, such as extensive television viewing and use of other electronic media, physical inactivity, eating away from home, and increased consumption of obesogenic foods6. These foods are high in calories, total fat (saturated and trans fat), sugars, sodium, chemical food additives, and preservatives3, and are low in fiber, calcium, and iron. Their consumption is inversely associated with the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and milk7. Despite their harmful effects, convenience, affordability, palatability, and aggressive marketing are factors that contribute to keeping these food sin the daily diet. In Brazil, an analysis of the Pesquisas de Orçamentos Familiares (Household Budget Surveys) (1987-1988, 1995-1996, 2002-2003, and 2008-2009), showed that (...truncated)